Infrared (IR) technology is highly energy-efficient, less water-consuming, and environmentally friendly compared to conventional heating. Further, it is also characterized by homogeneity of heating, high heat transfer rate, low heating time, low energy consumption, improved product quality, and food safety. Infrared technology is used in many food manufacturing processes, such as drying, boiling, heating, peeling, polyphenol recovery, freeze-drying, antioxidant recovery, microbiological inhibition, sterilization grains, bread, roasting of food, manufacture of juices, and cooking food. The energy throughput is increased using a combination of microwave heating and IR heating. This combination heats food quickly and eliminates the problem of poor quality. This review provides a theoretical basis for the infrared treatment of food and the interaction of infrared technology with food ingredients. The effect of IR on physico-chemical properties, sensory properties, and nutritional values, as well as the interaction of food components under IR radiation can be discussed as a future food processing option.

Kaempferol (KA) is a natural flavonol that can be found in plants and plant-derived foods with a plethora of different pharmacological properties. In the current study, we developed an efficient extraction method for the isolation of KA from ultrasonicated basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum). We successfully employed a Box–Behnken design (BBD) in order to investigate the effect of different extraction variables including methanol concentration (40–80%), extraction temperature (40–60 °C), and extraction time (5–15 min). The quantification of KA yield was carried out by employing a validated densitometric high performance thin layer chromatography in connection with ultraviolet detection (HPTLC-VIS). The obtained data showed that the quadratic polynomial model (R2 = 0.98) was the most appropriate. The optimized ultrasonic extraction yielded 94.7 ng/spot of KA when using methanol (79.99%) at 60 °C for 5 min. When using toluene-ethyl acetate-formic acid (70:30:1 v/v/v) as a solvent, KA was detected in basil leaves at an Retention factor (Rf) value of 0.26 at 330 nm. Notably, the analytical method was successfully validated with a linear regression of R2 = 0.99, which reflected a good linear relationship. The developed HPTLC-VIS method in this study was precise, accurate, and robust due to the lower obtained results from both the percent relative standard deviation (%RSD) and SEM of the O. basilicum. The antioxidant activity of KA (half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 0.68 μg/mL) was higher than that of the reference ascorbic acid (IC50 = 0.79 μg/mL) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (IC50 = 0.88 μg/mL). The development of economical and efficient techniques is very important for the extraction and quantification of important pharmaceutical compounds such as KA.

Nematodes are one of the most destructive plant-parasitic pests in soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]. Among the nematodes, soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines Ichinohe), southern root-knot nematode [RKN, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood], and reniform nematode (RN, Rotylenchlus reniformis Linford and Oliveria) are often the most problematic in soybean yield production. The plant introduction PI437654 has been used previously to map RN quantitative trait loci (QTL). However, 'PI437654' is non-domesticated. 'Hartwig' was the first domesticated cultivar to introgress some of the resistances from PI437654. The aims here were to map QTL underlying RN resistance in Hartwig. A cross between Flyer and Hartwig (n=92) was created to map QTL that underlie both SCN and RN resistance. The F × H population was phenotyped at the nematology lab at the University of Arkansas in 2014 and 2015 The F × H was genotyped with 140 polymorphic microsatellite markers (simple sequence repeats, SSR). In this study, 4 SSRs were highly significant (P< 0.001) associated by ANOVA and composite interval mapping and each were determined to identify a QTL. There were QTL on Chr. 12 (LG H, Satt353), and 3 on Chr. 18 (LG G, Satt275, Satt163, and Satt309). The beneficial alleles all derived from Hartwig. Satt353 has previously been reported to link to sudden death syndrome (SDS) QTL, and all three Satt markers on LG G have been reported to link to rhg1.Therefore, Hartwig and cultivars derived from it ('Anand', 'Ina') may be used to address the growing RN problems.

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