There are concerns about using synthetic phenolic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) as food additives because of the reported negative effects on human health. Thus, a replacement of these synthetics by antioxidant extractions from various foods has been proposed. More than 8000 different phenolic compounds have been characterized; fruits and vegetables are the prime sources of natural antioxidants. In order to extract, measure, and identify bioactive compounds from a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, researchers use multiple techniques and methods. This review includes a brief description of a wide range of different assays. The antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties of phenolic natural products from fruits and vegetables are also discussed.

SignificanceWe sequenced the genome and transcriptomes of the wild olive (oleaster). More than 50,000 genes were predicted, and evidence was found for two relatively recent whole-genome duplication events, dated at about 28 and 59 million years ago. Whole genome sequencing, as well as gene expression studies, provide further insights into the evolution of oil biosynthesis, and will aid future studies aimed at further increasing the production of olive oil, which is a key ingredient of the healthy Mediterranean diet and has been granted a qualified health claim by FDA. 5 AbstractHere, we present the genome sequence and annotation of the wild olive tree (Olea europaea var. sylvestris), called oleaster, which is considered an ancestor of cultivated olive trees. More than 50,000 protein-coding genes were predicted, a majority of which could be anchored to 23 pseudo-chromosomes obtained through a newly constructed genetic map. The oleaster genome contains signatures of two Oleaceae-lineage specific paleopolyploidy events, dated at approximately 28 and 59 million years ago. These events contributed to the expansion and neofunctionalization of genes and gene families that play important roles in oil biosynthesis.The functional divergence of oil biosynthesis pathway genes, such as FAD2, SACPD, EAR and ACPTE, following duplication, has been responsible for the differential accumulation of oleic and linoleic acids produced in olive compared to sesame, a closely related oil crop. Duplicated oleaster FAD2 genes are regulated by a short-interfering RNA (siRNA) derived from a transposable element-rich region, leading to suppressed levels of FAD2 gene expression.Additionally, neofunctionalization of members of the SACPD gene family has led to increased expression of SACPD2, 3, 5 and 7, consequently resulting in an increased desaturation of steric acid. Taken together, decreased FAD2 expression and increased SACPD expression likely explain the accumulation of exceptionally high levels of oleic acid in olive. The oleaster genome thus provides important insights into the evolution of oil biosynthesis and will be a valuable resource for oil crop genomics. 6 /bodyAs a symbol of peace, fertility, health and longevity, the olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is a socio-economically important oil crop that is widely grown in the Mediterranean Basin.Belonging to the Oleaceae family (order Lamiales), it can biosynthesize essential unsaturated fatty acids and other important secondary metabolites, such as vitamins and phenolic compounds (1). The olive tree is a diploid (2n = 46) allogamous crop that can be vegetatively propagated and live for thousands of years (2). Paleobotanical evidence suggests that olive oil was already produced in the Bronze Age (3). It has been thought that cultivated varieties were derived from the wild olive tree, called oleaster (O. europaea var. sylvestris), in Asia Minor, which then spread to Greece (4). Nevertheless, the exact domestication history of the olive tree is unknown (5). Due to their longevity, oleaster...

ments over several years which is expensive, time consuming, and labor intensive (Maughan et al., 1996). Molecular makers linked to quantitative trait loci (QTL) can assistComponents of yield are often identifiable which aid soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] breeders to combine traits of low heritability, such as yield, with disease resistance. The objective of this the selection of yield (Fehr, 1987;Specht et al., 1999). study was to identify markers linked to yield QTL in two recombinantIn soybeans, the basis of yield improvement is unclear, inbred line (RIL) populations ['Essex' ϫ 'Forrest' (EϫF; n ϭ 100) but maturity and growth habit have major effects (Manand 'Flyer' ϫ 'Hartwig' (FϫH; n ϭ 94)] that also segregate for soybean sur et al., 1996;Orf et al., 1999;Specht et al., 1999). cyst nematode (SCN) resistance genes (rhg1 and Rhg4 ). Each popula-Resistance to disease is usually a strong component of tion was yield tested in four environments between 1996 and 1999. yield in disease infested environments (Njiti et al., 1998). The resistant parents produced lower yields. Heritability of yield Disease resistance in cultivars (particularly SCN resisacross four environments was 47% for EϫF and 57% for FϫH. Yield tance) has consistently been associated with a 1-2% was normally distributed in both populations. High yielding, SCN decrease in yield when disease was absent (Concibido resistant transgressive segregants were not observed. In the EϫF RIL et al., 1997). In addition, many SCN resistant cultivars population, 134 microsatellite markers were compared against yield by ANOVA and MAPMAKER QTL. Regions associated with yield appear to display poor combining ability during interwere identified by SATT294 on linkage group (LG.) C1 (P ϭ 0.006, crossing (Concibido et al., 1997). Sudden death syn-R 2 ϭ 10%), SATT440 on LG. I (P ϭ 0.007, R 2 ϭ 10%), and SATT337 drome (SDS) resistance has also been associated with on LG. K (P ϭ 0.004, R 2 ϭ 10%). Essex provided the beneficial allele low yield potential (Rupe et al., 1993). at SATT337. Mean yields among FϫH RILs were compared against Genetic maps have been useful for soybean genome 33 microsatellite markers from LG. K. In addition 136 markers from analysis. Maps have allowed the identification of many randomly selected LGs were compared with extreme phenotypes by economically important soybean genes conditioning bulk segregant analysis. Two regions on LG. K (20 cM apart) associquantitative trait loci (QTL), including those for disease ated with yield were identified by SATT326 (P ϭ 0.0004, R 2 ϭ 15%)

Estimates of breast dose per view are needed for selection of mammographic techniques and verification of their proper use. However, accurate dosimetry requires standardization of both the methodology and the assumed breast composition. Because several different methods have been reported, the authors developed a simple and reproducible method using a reference "average breast" composition of 50/50% water/fat by weight. Working curves were derived for average glandular and whole-breast dose per unit of exposure in air vs. HVL and thickness. When these curves are combined with on-site measurements of exposure per view, one obtains values of dose per view for each technique. Factors were also computed to correct dosage from the reference composition to other breast compositions.

Our understanding of gene regulation is constantly evolving. It is now clear that the majority of cellular transcripts are non-coding RNAs. The spectrum of non-coding RNAs is diverse and includes short (<200 nt) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) (>200 nt). LncRNAs regulate gene expression through diverse mechanisms. In this review, we describe the emerging roles of lncRNA mediated plant gene regulation. We discuss the current classification of lncRNAs and their role in genome organization and gene regulation. We also highlight a subset of lncRNAs that are epigenetic regulators of plant gene expression. Lastly, we provide an overview of emerging techniques and databases that are employed for the identification and characterization of plant lncRNAs.

The editor of this timely book has assembled a team of highly regarded scientists, over 40 contributors, to describe the latest, up-to-date research, theory and applications of this increasingly important area of science.Renowned experts in the field have contributed chapters that describe and discuss some of the most topical aspects of plant genomics. The book is fully illustrated and chapters include comprehensive reference sections.Essential reading for scientists involved in plant genomics and a recommended volume for everyone involved in plant science.

This study reports a high density genetic linkage map based on the ‘Maryland 96-5722’ by ‘Spencer’ recombinant inbred line (RIL) population of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and constructed exclusively with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. The Illumina Infinium SoySNP6K BeadChip genotyping array produced 5,376 SNPs in the mapping population, with a 96.75% success rate. Significant level of goodness-of-fit for each locus was tested based on the observed vs. expected ratio (1:1). Out of 5,376 markers, 1,465 SNPs fit the 1:1 segregation rate having ≤20% missing data plus heterozygosity among the RILs. Among this 1,456 just 657 were polymorphic between the parents DNAs tested. These 657 SNPs were mapped using the JoinMap 4.0 software and 550 SNPs were distributed on 16 linkage groups (LGs) among the 20 chromosomes of the soybean genome. The total map length was just 201.57 centiMorgans (cM) with an average marker density of 0.37 cM. This is one of the high density SNP-based genetic linkage maps of soybean that will be used by the scientific community to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) and identify candidate genes for important agronomic traits in soybean.

No abstract