The natural gas market is characterized by a significant level of deadweight losses, which are due to the inability to apply perfect competition mechanisms during pricing. However, there are other loses to economic agents that are due to the technology used in the natural gas market. We have highlighted one of such types of losses that is characteristic of natural gas markets that use volume units to account for natural gas transmitted or consumed. Consideration of natural gas as an energy commodity, which is measured in units of energy, and the fact that the volume units of natural gas obtained from different sources have different energy values due to different physical and chemical properties, make the natural gas market, which uses the volume units, unfair. We proposed to calculate the losses of economic agents, which occurred due to the use of volume units to account for natural gas, as losses resulting from the deviation of the actual and average cost of a unit of natural gas energy in Ukraine. In case of households in Ukraine we estimated the total losses of economic agents, which occurred due to the use of volume units to account for natural gas. Keywords-natural gas market, deadweight losses in natural gas market, accounting for natural gas consumed and transmitted, energy reform in Ukraine.
Purpose:The main aim of this article is to specify the methodological aspects in creating a bilingual Polish-Ukrainian terminological dictionary in the field of management communication. In the case of the mentioned bilingual dictionary, the task is also to emphasize similarities and differences in defining terms, and to introduce a new meaning of the term into the thesaurus of those two languages of neighbouring countries. Design/Methodology/Approach: In the article, the authors used descriptive analysis and are trying to find common conditions that can explain the chosen outcome of the terminological dictionary. Findings: The authors of this dictionary found out that there is a need for systematization and ordering of communication terminology in the field of management. This led to collecting and comparing the publication base of two cultural ethnoses -Polish and Ukrainian-in the field of communication in management and thus creating a mechanism for modifying the terminology for the development of the discipline 'Communication in management'. Practical Implications: The need for introducing this bilingual Polish-Ukrainian dictionary appears with wider expansion of cooperation between the two neighbouring countries. This cooperation is visible nowadays not only in the professional, but also in the academic niche. Originality/Value: The article discusses the creation of the first such bilingual, terminological dictionary in the field of management communication that can be used internationally.
The definition of entrepreneurship is interdisciplinary. Its attitude-describing component alone incorporates many areas, including, primarily, social sciences such as psychology and sociology, followed by economics and law, while taking into account local institutional and legislative environment. Its multi-faceted nature is, however, not only about attitudes but, above all, measurable behaviours, the effects of which can be illustrated in the form of measurable results and balance sheets of enterprises. One of its most important aspects is the fact of influencing the economic environment and economic conditions of countries. Hence, any research in the field of entrepreneurship of social groups, or even nations, should focus on diagnosing the forms of economic activity and describing those environmental elements which will enable certain alleviation of the barriers to development, or even their complete elimination, which, in turn, will contribute to the growth of entire socio-economic systems.The article attempts to investigate the conditions that affect the willingness to carry on economic activity by analysing the entrepreneurial attitudes of Polish and Ukrainian citizens whose common denominators are: (1) having an engineering degree, (2) being professionally active, and (3) willingness to keep improving their qualifications.
The article considers the processes of development and implementation of ethical policy in higher education institutions on the examples of Ukrainian universities. The aim of the study is effectiveness assessing of management processes for ethical policy implementation in domestic universities. The object of the research is the twenty top-rated universities in Ukraine, according to the 2021 Consolidated Rating of Higher Education Institutions. In the proposed study, the method of content analysis was used for analysis of regulatory documents in the field of ethical policy of selected universities. The analysis focuses on the proposed basic criteria that characterize the effectiveness of the ethical policy implementation, namely, on availability: approved ethical programs; an officials responsible for implementing programs; ethical training; feedback systems; developed motivational mechanisms; ethical audit procedures; procedures for reviewing ethical programs. As a result of the study, problems are identified related to the implementation of ethical policies that are specific to the universities in question, namely: the formalistic nature of ethical programs, the lack of responsible persons for the policies implementation (ethical officers), the focus of ethical trainings solely on improving academic integrity, the lack of effective feedback systems, refusal to use employee motivation systems to comply with ethical standards, the lack of ethical audit, the lack of procedures for verifying the ethical standards of new employees. The elements of ethical policy management, which will allow its effective implementation in domestic universities, are proposed. The study should help the university management corps to use ethics more effectively as a management tool.
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