El avance en los sistemas ganaderos se asocia a la implementación de tecnologías en la producción y a la mejora de sus ingresos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue la identificación e implementación de paquetes tecnológicos y su relación con los resultados productivos en vacuno de doble propósito de la provincia de Manabí, Ecuador en dos zonas climáticas: el Bosque seco tropical y el húmedo tropical. Se agrupan 25 tecnologías en seis paquetes tecnológicos (PT) seleccionadas mediante una metodología cualitativa y participativa. Se realizaron entrevistas en una muestra de 41 explotaciones para evaluar la implementación de los paquetes tecnológicos, mediante estadística descriptiva, correlaciones de Sperman y regresiones múltiples. Se obtienen los mayores niveles de implementación en los paquetes de salud animal (76 %), uso de la tierra y alimentación (55 %). El PT de alimentación se correlaciona (P<0.01) con el PT de instalaciones (0.711) y de reproducción (0.774). Los PT explican 30 % de la variabilidad de la producción de leche, que es debida al uso de la tierra en el Bosque seco y a la salud animal en el Bosque húmedo. Esta investigación genera resultados preliminares respecto a la idententificación e implementación de los principales paquetes tecnológicos en la ganadería vacuna de doble propósito de Manabí -Ecuador, que están en proceso de mejora aunque sin perder los atributos que lo caracterizan. PALABRAS CLAVE: Paquetes tecnológicos, Doble propósito. ABSTRACT INTRODUCCIÓNEl sector bovino lechero adquiere gran importancia estratégica en Ecuador, con una producción diaria de 5.8 millones de litros y ocupando al 8 % de la población activa. La producción lechera se concentra principalmente en tres zonas geográficas: 1) La Sierra (77 %), con clima templado y modelo intensivo especializado, 2) La Costa (15 %) y 3) Amazonía (8 %), ambas con clima cálido y un modelo productivo de ganadería vacuna de doble propósito (1,2) .Para potenciar la mejora de los ingresos en las explotaciones familiares se requieren cambios tanto en la adopción de nuevas tecnologías, como en la organización de la explotación. En otras latitudes, los cambios realizados se han orientado principalmente al campo de la salud animal y calidad de la leche, el sistema de alimentación, la mecanización de los procesos y la mejora reproductiva y genética (3,4) . La incorporación de nuevas tecnologías conlleva la identificación, adopción e implementación de la tecnología por un lado y su difusión en el corto y mediano plazo por otro. La implementación tecnológica constituye un proceso complejo, resultante de la adecuación dinámica de distintos factores dentro de la explotación y en un contexto económico, social y cultural donde coexisten productores que la adoptan de modo temprano, en tanto que los rezagados retrasan su implementación (5) .La mejora de los ingresos se asocia directamente al nivel tecnológico utilizado, por lo que su implementación, efecto e impacto en la producción constituyen eventos claves que favorecen la competitividad del secto...

This research studied the relationship between coordination models (CM) focused on sustainability and satisfaction, as a competitive advantage, which increases sustainability at the Quevedo State Technical University (UTEQ) in Ecuador. A survey in situ on a random sample of 3200 students was done in 2019. By using multivariate methods, an organizational typology was built. Next, CM were related to the level of student satisfaction by general linear model (GLM). Twenty-three organizational variables were grouped into six components that explained 66.23% of the variance. A typology with three groups was built: Cluster 1 with a moderate CM level (44.57% of the sample), Cluster 2 with a low level of CM (38.18%), and Cluster 3 with a high level of CM (15.25%). By GLM, a positive relation between typology and students’ levels of satisfaction was found. Therefore, an increase of CM turned into a major satisfaction level at UTEQ. We suggest, as a priority, to improve communication amongst students and administrative staff. Communication should be frequent, accurate, on time, and oriented to solve problems. It would also be positive to increase the CM amongst students and representatives in solving communication problems, sharing knowledge, goals, and mutual respect.

Face-to-face education continues to present benefits in terms of student motivation, even though in COVID-19 scenario, online education has been the model of choice. In addition to the traditional face-to-face style, the intensive face-to-face style remains, which allows greater flexibility for the student. The objective of this study was to compare both educational styles and build an organizational model to improve student satisfaction. Two-way general linear model (GLM) with educational styles and satisfaction as fixed factors and discriminant analysis was applied. The selection of the most discriminant variables was made applying the F of Snedecor, Wilks’-Lambda, and the 1-Tolerance. A discriminant model was built. The four variables with the highest discriminant power were problem-solving communication with students’ representatives and shared knowledge and goals with lectures in the intensive style and frequent communication with administrative officers in the traditional style. In addition, it was found that greater face-to-face attendance did not imply greater coordination and that intensive style students show greater satisfaction. The appropriate duration of face-to-face education can contribute to the design of an innovative hybrid system in the future.

RESUMENUno de los objetivos estratégicos para FAO es disminuir la brecha de género en aras del desarrollo rural. El presente trabajo se planteó para conocer la percepción que tienen los productores del sistema de doble propósito ecuatoriano sobre las diferencias de género, tanto en el ámbito familiar como en la unidad de producción. Se tomó una muestra aleatoria de 132 unidades familiares-productivas del bosque tropical de Manabí. La información fue obtenida a través de una encuesta cara a cara, donde se preguntaron cuestiones relacionadas con el perfil socioeconómico de la familia, el sistema de producción y la percepción del papel de los distintos géneros. Los resultados muestran que existen importantes diferencias de género en el mundo rural ecuatoriano. Los productores tienen fuertes creencias en las diferencias sociales y biológicas entre sexos. El trabajo y rol de mujer es percibido únicamen-te relevante en el ámbito doméstico. Mientras que en la unidad productiva apenas asume responsabilidades. La toma de decisiones es exclusiva del hombre cuando se trata del ámbito empresarial; mientras que la mujer participa junto a él en decisiones del hogar, aunque nunca asume un papel predominante.The woman role in the Ecuatorian bovine double purpose systems SUMMARYOne of the strategic objectives for FAO is to reduce the gender gap in the interests of rural development. This paper was raised to know the perception that the producers of the Ecuadorian double purpose bovine have on gender differences both in the family and in the production unit. A random sample of 132 family-productive units of tropical forest from Manabi was used. The information was obtained through a survey related to socioeconomic profile of the family, the production system and the perception of the role of the different genders. Results show that there are significant gender differences in rural Ecuador. Producers have strong beliefs in social and biological differences between sexes. The work and role of women is perceived only relevant in the domestic sphere. While in the production unit just assume responsibilities. Decision making is unique to man when it comes to the business world; while women participate with him in household decisions.

Deforestation is a severe threat to diversity in the Ecuadorian Amazon Region (EAR). To mitigate deforestation, it is necessary to know the relevant stakeholders’ roles and interactions and deepen our knowledge of the local livelihoods, objectives, potentials, limitations, and “rights of being” among farms, as well as the best management practices (BMPs). In this study, our aim was to identify and assess livestock BMPs along an elevational gradient to foster sustainable production and reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+). This approach could be environmentally and economically beneficial. Data were collected from 167 households along three elevational gradients, as well as from 15 interviews held among a multidisciplinary panel of key stakeholders and researchers in the EAR. The results showed that most of the Kichwa population lives in the medium zone, which features a larger agricultural and forest surface. Conversely, in the lower and upper areas, livestock predominates, where the upper area is specialized in milk production and the lower area in dual-purpose cattle (meat and dairy). The stakeholder assessment provided several key results: (a) social, structural, and technical factors have complementary effects on BMP adoption; (b) the sixteen assessed BMPs facilitated the implementation of existing financial incentive programs and enabled public–private partnerships to develop REDD+ projects. The policy implications of implementing these approaches are also discussed.

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a paradigm shift in educational systems. During the lockdown, higher education became digital. This caused a change in communication within the educational ecosystem. Relational coordination (RC) is a communication and relationship model associated with the improvement of organizational results. Therefore, the objective of this research is to build an organizational model of online learning applied during the pandemic period and compare it with the previous face-to-face learning. A sample of 2774 students from two Ecuadorian universities was selected. A two-stage methodology was applied: First, an organizational model of online learning was built using multivariate methods. The RC model was linked to student satisfaction using generalized linear models (GLM). In the second stage, the organizational differences between the 2018 face-to-face and the 2020 online learning were identified. Finally, the online learning model was validated with external data. The components associated with a higher level of RC were institutional cooperation, institutional problem-solving, and administrative communication. Administrative communication lost importance in the online model. Significant differences between the satisfaction of the two models were not found. Nevertheless, since online learning was not associated with an improvement in satisfaction, the creation of a third educational model that combines the best practices of online and face-to-face learning in a hybrid system could be an alternative that improves the satisfaction of students.

The dyeing processes of the textile industry generate waste products such as unfixed dyes, phenolic surfactants and heavy metals. These constitute an environmental problem for the bodies receiving their wastewater due to the interruption of the lighting in the aquatic environment and the release of toxic molecules by the decomposition of the dyes. There are several treatment methods, of which biological methods are the most feasible. In the current study, the I5-ESPE microbial consortium was obtained and evaluated on the components of textile wastewater, in addition to the selection of a support for an anaerobic reactor that is directed to the treatment of effluents from the textile industry. Two microbial consortia were achieved by exposure to air in Pseudomonas culture medium modified with direct dyes Red 23 and Blue 106, evaluating their removal capacity of the reactive dyes Navy 171, Red 141 and Yellow 84. The consortium I5-ESPE was selected for its greatest action, yielding approximately 95% removal. Its tolerance to phenol was also determined; we reached 98% removal of chromium(VI) and 67% of total chromium under anaerobic conditions and some 25% zinc in aerobiosis. The reduction in the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was evaluated with (57.03%) and without (31.47%) aeration. The species Staphylococcus xylosus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida tropicalis were identified prior to treatment of textile wastewater, as well as Enterobacter cloacae and Bacillus megaterium after treatment. Bacillus subtilis was present throughout the process. We evaluated coconut shell as a support for an anaerobic reactor, and it demonstrated better physical characteristics than plastic and common rock, in addition to similar results in the reduction in COD of 50%, volatile suspended solids of 2545.46 mg/L and total suspended solids of 282.82 mg/L.

Scientific studies on silvopastoral systems have led to permanent changes oriented toward better silvopasture practices, as well as to policy strategies to respond effectively to the global objectives of restoration and sustainable development. In this work, we performed a bibliometric analysis with the purpose of identifying changes associated with different silvopastoral systems. We applied Bibliometrix in R to analyze 5708 documents published between 1983 and 2022 by including the terms “silvopastoral” and “silvopasture”, among others. The results showed a longitudinal and exponential increase in silvopasture studies over the last 20 years. We adjusted the growth to an S-Curve function with an R2 of 96.06%. The interest of researchers regarding knowledge about silvopasture has evolved; initially, it focused on the characterization of silvopasture, whereas recently, it has focused on the search for strategies to improve the sustainable use of silvopasture, including ecosystem restoration and the implementation of better practices. The following countries stand out as those with the largest scientific production of studies on silvopasture: The United States, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, and Argentina in the Americas; China and India in Asia; and Spain; and Germany, and the United Kingdom in Europe. In the case of Ecuador, cited leaders in silvopasture facilitated the construction of a group of experts who contribute to the development of public policies. The most cited publications appeared in journals published by the Springer group, Elsevier, and MDPI Journals, mostly in open-access systems. In the future, the disruptive contribution of open-access systems in the global dissemination of knowledge, breaking through the economic constraints of countries, universities, and researchers, should be evaluated.