MXenes belong to a large family of two-dimensional layered transition-metal carbides and nitrides. MXene nanosheets integrate the fascinating advantages of high electronic conductivity, excellent biocompatibility, and acid/base resistance. Herein, we demonstrate a “hospital-on-a-chip” system with multifunctional microneedle electrodes for biosensing and electrostimulation using highly stable MXene nanosheets. This system consists of integrated microchip biosensors for an efficient diagnosis and medical treatment elements for therapies, thus resembling a miniaturized hospital. Microneedles are composed of dozens of micron-sized needles that can be used as an effective and painless transdermal patch to puncture the dead skin barrier for drug delivery or biosensing purposes since they are directly in contact with the dermal layer inside the human body. The wearable MXene nanosheet-based microneedles can sense the tiny electric potential difference generated from the human eye movements or muscle contraction from the human arm. Therefore, the diseases associated with neuromuscular abnormalities such as myasthenia gravis can be monitored. Consequently, the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation treatment can be applied according to the feedback of the micro-biosensors. In addition, MXene microneedles can offer an electrically controlled drug delivery platform and the function of enhancing blood coagulation. Finally, MXene nanosheet-based microneedles provide an interesting platform for wearable micro-biosensors and offer an essential part of the hospital-on-a-chip system.
PurposeWe sought to imitate angiographic cerebral circulation time (CCT) and create a similar index from baseline CT perfusion (CTP) to better predict vasospasm in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).MethodsForty-one SAH patients with available DSA and CTP were retrospectively included. The vasospasm group was comprised of patients with deterioration in conscious functioning and newly developed luminal narrowing; remaining cases were classified as the control group. The angiography CCT (XA-CCT) was defined as the difference in TTP (time to peak) between the selected arterial ROIs and the superior sagittal sinus (SSS). Four arterial ROIs were selected to generate four corresponding XA-CCTs: the right and left anterior cerebral arteries (XA-CCTRA2 and XA-CCTLA2) and right- and left-middle cerebral arteries (XA-CCTRM2 and XA-CCTLM2). The CCTs from CTP (CT-CCT) were defined as the differences in TTP from the corresponding arterial ROIs and the SSS. Correlations of the different CCTs were calculated and diagnostic accuracy in predicting vasospasm was evaluated.ResultsIntra-class correlations ranged from 0.96 to 0.98. The correlations of XA-CCTRA2, XA-CCTRM2, XA-CCTLA2, and XA-CCTLM2 with the corresponding CT-CCTs were 0.64, 0.65, 0.53, and 0.68, respectively. All CCTs were significantly prolonged in the vasospasm group (5.8–6.4 s) except for XA-CCTLA2. CT-CCTA2 of 5.62 was the optimal cut-off value for detecting vasospasm with a sensitivity of 84.2% and specificity 82.4%ConclusionCT-CCTs can be used to interpret cerebral flow without deconvolution algorithms, and outperform both MTT and TTP in predicting vasospasm risk. This finding may help facilitate management of patients with SAH.
Two new classes of heteroarene-fused [1,2,4]thiadiazole and [1,2,4]selenadiazole are synthesized through the iodine-mediated [3 + 2] oxidative cyclization of 2-aminoheteroarenes and isothiocyanates/isoselenocyanates. This oxidative [3 + 2] annulation strategy is highly regiospecific to proceed a selective C–N bond formation at the endo-nitrogen of 2-aminoheteroarenes followed by an intramolecular oxidative N–S/N–Se bond formation. It is the first example of an I2-mediated oxidative nitrogen–selenium (N–Se) bond formation.
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) offers a highly sensitive and convenient approach for electrochemical mapping of interleukin-6 (IL-6), an oral cancer protein biomarker. In this study, we utilized the SECM to map the distribution of IL-6 for imaging different cancer stages on the tissue sections. The SECM results indicated that IL-6 was expressed higher in cancer tissues as compared to normal tissue and hence, SECM can be employed to improve oral cancer diagnosis. Also, IL-6 analysis can be beneficial for predicting the severity of COVID-19 at an early stage to eliminate the potential risks of serious respiratory complications in affected patients.
Each year, approximately 450,000 new cases are reported with oral or oropharyngeal cancer worldwide. Despite their high incidence, oral cancers are often neglected at the first stage, resulting in cancer metastasis with high mortality rate, especially for men. Conventional methods for diagnosis of oral cancer rely on the visual inspection and biopsy. However, it may lead to misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis because of insufficient information. Therefore, it is important to develop a novel tool for the detection of oral cancer at an initial stage itself. Electrochemical screening methods have shown to be very promising for the rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective detection of oral cancer biomarkers.1 To enhance the resolution of the electrochemical imaging, we employ the concept of image fusion, with the image obtained by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and optical microscopy. Through the prediction of the presence of biomarkers in tissue area, the fused image can provide a more accurate description of the biomarker distribution of the oral cancer slices. For the purpose of investigating the distribution of IL-6 protein, a biomarker of oral cancer, in different cancer stages, we use SECM to image tissue sections and fused it with H&E stain images obtained by optical microscope. SECM is a scanning probe technique that is composed of three electrode system and soft probe can scan closely over a sample surface. The primary antibody and secondary antibody labeled with horse radish peroxidase (HRP) were applied to reveal the locations of IL-6 on the samples. Then, the cancer sections were immersed in electrolytes containing FcMeOH and H2O2. The FcMeOH+ ions were generated from the catalytic reaction of HRP, and hence, the Faradaic current signals from the reduction of FcMeOH+ can be recorded through the scanning of SECM probe. Due to the fusion of SECM with H&E stain, IL-6 distribution patterns in cancers with different stages can be analyzed precisely. We discovered that in stage III of oral cancer, the IL-6 expression level is the highest as compared to the normal tissue and cancer tissue at earlier stages. 1. T.-E. Lin, Y.-J. Lu, C.-L. Sun, H. Pick, J. P. Chen, A. Lesch, H. H. Girault, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 16498-16 2. T.-E. Lin, C.-L. Chen, Y.-C. Huang, H.-H. Chung, C.-W. Lin, K.-C. Chen, Y.-J. Peng, S.-T. Ding, M.-Y. Wang, T.-L. Shen, C.-C. Hsu Anal. Chim. Acta. 2019.
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