In general, fruit juices are considered as microbiologically safer than other food stuffs. Nevertheless, numerous infections of human epidemics have been related with the intake of fruit juices, which are contaminated. The objective of the current study was to assess the microbiological safety and quality of juices being served in Cafes/ Juice houses in Hossana town, Southern Ethiopia. Overall of 90 juice samples (30 samples each for avocado, mango and papaya), collected from six purposively selected cafes and/or juice houses in Hossana town, were examined. None of the juice makers had any experience to professional training on food hygiene and safety related to their job. Majority of fruits for juice making were brought from open market and stored in open ground in the cafes/juice houses. Additionally, the juices physico-chemical parameters, for instance pH and Titratable acidity were analyzed following standard protocols. The average aerobic mesophilic bacteria counts (CFU/ml) of avocado, mango and papaya were respectively 2.2 x 10 4 , 1.3 x 10 4 , and 7.4 x 10 3. The pH of juices were ranged from 4.05-5.79 and that of TA from 0.021-0.140 (g lactic acid/100 g sample). Mango juice was observed more acidic (pH= 4.05 ± 0.120) than papaya juice (pH= 5.33 ± 0.140) and avocado juice (5.79 ± 0.021). The main bacterial groups isolated from the fruit juices included Klebsella, Enterobacter, and S. aureus species. The microbial masses of the fruits juices examined were greater than the specifications set for fruit juices vended in the other areas of the world. To the writers' level of understanding, there is no requirement set for the acceptable level of microbes in fruit juices being served in the study area. Since main isolates were colonies of microorganisms, the reduced hygienic condition of the fruit juice makers and absence of information of using disinfection during processing, also the promising physico-chemical settings of the fruit juices could be contributed to the high microbial concentrations. Thus, great level of workers sanitation is necessity and the use of decontaminators would be better applied for the betterment the microbial quality, safety, and shelf life.
In this paper, we provide and analyze a new scaled conjugate gradient method and its performance, based on the modified secant equation of the Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) method and on a new modified nonmonotone line search technique. The method incorporates the modified BFGS secant equation in an effort to include the second order information of the objective function. The new secant equation has both gradient and function value information, and its update formula inherits the positive definiteness of Hessian approximation for general convex function. In order to improve the likelihood of finding a global optimal solution, we introduce a new modified nonmonotone line search technique. It is shown that, for nonsmooth convex problems, the proposed algorithm is globally convergent. Numerical results show that this new scaled conjugate gradient algorithm is promising and efficient for solving not only convex but also some large scale nonsmooth nonconvex problems in the sense of the Dolan-Moré performance profiles. ς ρ < < < . CG methods use relatively little memory for large scale problems and require no numerical linear algebra, so each step is quite fast. However, they do not have second order information of the objective function, and typically converge much more slowly than Newton or quasi-Newton methods.The quasi-Newton method is an iterative method with second order information of the objective function, and BFGS is the effective quasi-Newton method T. G. Woldu et al.
Background
Stunting increases morbidity and mortality, hindering mental development and influencing cognitive capacity of children. This study aimed to examine the trends and determinants of stunting from infancy to middle adolescence in four countries: Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam.
Methods
A 15-year longitudinal data on the trends of stunting were obtained from the Young Lives cohort study. The study includes 38,361 observations from 4 countries. A generalized mixed-effects model was adopted to estimate the determinant of stunting.
Results
The patterns of stunting in children from aged 1 to 15 years have declined from an estimated 30% in 2002 to 20% in 2016. Stunting prevalence varied among four low- and middle-income countries with children in Ethiopia, India, and Peru being more stunted compared to children in Vietnam. The highest stunted was recorded in India and the lowest was recorded in Vietnam. In all four countries, the highest prevalence of severe stunting was observed in 2002 and moderate stunting was observed in 2006. Parents’ education level played a significance role in determining a child stunting. Children of uneducated parents were shown to be at a higher risk of stunting.
Conclusion
Disparities of stunting were observed between- and within-country of four low- and middle-income with the highest prevalence recorded in low-income country. Child stunting is caused by factors related to child’s age, household wealth, household size, the mother’s and father’s education level, residence area and access to save drinking water.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.