In general, fruit juices are considered as microbiologically safer than other food stuffs. Nevertheless, numerous infections of human epidemics have been related with the intake of fruit juices, which are contaminated. The objective of the current study was to assess the microbiological safety and quality of juices being served in Cafes/ Juice houses in Hossana town, Southern Ethiopia. Overall of 90 juice samples (30 samples each for avocado, mango and papaya), collected from six purposively selected cafes and/or juice houses in Hossana town, were examined. None of the juice makers had any experience to professional training on food hygiene and safety related to their job. Majority of fruits for juice making were brought from open market and stored in open ground in the cafes/juice houses. Additionally, the juices physico-chemical parameters, for instance pH and Titratable acidity were analyzed following standard protocols. The average aerobic mesophilic bacteria counts (CFU/ml) of avocado, mango and papaya were respectively 2.2 x 10 4 , 1.3 x 10 4 , and 7.4 x 10 3. The pH of juices were ranged from 4.05-5.79 and that of TA from 0.021-0.140 (g lactic acid/100 g sample). Mango juice was observed more acidic (pH= 4.05 ± 0.120) than papaya juice (pH= 5.33 ± 0.140) and avocado juice (5.79 ± 0.021). The main bacterial groups isolated from the fruit juices included Klebsella, Enterobacter, and S. aureus species. The microbial masses of the fruits juices examined were greater than the specifications set for fruit juices vended in the other areas of the world. To the writers' level of understanding, there is no requirement set for the acceptable level of microbes in fruit juices being served in the study area. Since main isolates were colonies of microorganisms, the reduced hygienic condition of the fruit juice makers and absence of information of using disinfection during processing, also the promising physico-chemical settings of the fruit juices could be contributed to the high microbial concentrations. Thus, great level of workers sanitation is necessity and the use of decontaminators would be better applied for the betterment the microbial quality, safety, and shelf life.
BackgroundBenign Lymphoepithelial Lesion (BLEL) is a rare disease observed in the adult population. Despite the growing numbers of people suffering from BLEL, the etiology and mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis remain unknown.MethodsIn the present study, we used gene and cytokines expression profiling, western blot and immunohistochemistry to get further insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of BLEL of the lacrimal gland.ResultsThe results showed that Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) was the most highly expressed cytokine in BLEL, and its expression positively correlated with the expression of Th2 and Th17 cells cytokines. MIF was found to regulate biological functions and pathways involved in BLEL pathogenesis, such as proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways. We also found that MIF promotes fibrosis in BLEL by inducing BLEL fibroblast differentiation into myofibroblasts as well as the synthesis and the deposit of extracellular matrix in BLEL tissues.ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate the contribution of MIF to the pathogenesis of BLEL of the lacrimal gland and suggested MIF as a promising therapeutic target for its treatment.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-018-0284-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
A B S T R A C TDespite a perpetual increase in the prevalence of benign lymphoepithelial lesion, data on the mechanisms governing its pathogenesis are still missing. Thus, we aimed in the present study to evaluate whether TLRs could regulate the expression of the pleiotropic pro-inflammatory and tumor-related cytokine MIF in BLEL. Using gene expression profiling and protein expression analysis methods, we found that TLRs were overexpressed and that their signaling pathways were activated in BLEL. We have also confirmed in tissues biopsies, the overexpression of MIF reported previously in plasma of BLEL specimen. The analysis of the TLR7/8 impact on the expression of MIF in BLEL primary cells showed that when activated, TLR7/8 stimulate mainly BLEL lymphocytes to release MIF but not the fibroblast-like cells. No significant change was observed when MIF expression was investigated at the transcriptional level 24h post TLR7/8 activation. Taken together, these data suggest that TLR7 and TLR8 are activated in BLEL and may induce a cell type-dependent regulation of MIF secretion and expression.
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