Cytochrome P450 (CYP) is a major group of enzymes, which conduct Phase I metabolism. Among commonly used animal models, the pig has been suggested as the most suitable model for investigating drug metabolism in human beings. Moreover, porcine CYP2A19 and CYP2E1 are responsible for the biotransformation of both endogenous and exogenous compounds such as 3-methylindole (skatole), sex hormones and food compounds. However, little is known about the regulation of porcine CYP2A19 and CYP2E1. In this MiniReview, we summarise the current knowledge about the regulation of porcine CYP2A19 and CYP2E1 by environmental, biological and dietary factors. Finally, we reflect on the need for further research, to clarify the interaction between active feed components and the porcine CYP system.

Background The composition of intramuscular fat depends on genetic and environmental factors, including the diet. In pigs, we identified a haplotype of three SNP mutations in the stearoyl-coA desaturase (SCD) gene promoter associated with higher content of monounsaturated fatty acids in intramuscular fat. The second of these three SNPs (rs80912566, C > T) affected a putative retinol response element in the SCD promoter. The effect of dietary vitamin A restriction over intramuscular fat content is controversial as it depends on the pig genetic line and the duration of the restriction. This study aims to investigate changes in the muscle transcriptome in SCD rs80912566 TT and CC pigs fed with and without a vitamin A supplement during the fattening period. Results Vitamin A did not affect carcass traits or intramuscular fat content and fatty acid composition, but we observed an interaction between vitamin A and SCD genotype on the desaturation of fatty acids in muscle. As reported before, the SCD-TT pigs had more monounsaturated fat than the SCD-CC animals. The diet lacking the vitamin A supplement enlarged fatty acid compositional differences between SCD genotypes, partly because vitamin A had a bigger effect on fatty acid desaturation in SCD-CC pigs (positive) than in SCD-TT and SCD-TC animals (negative). The interaction between diet and genotype was also evident at the transcriptome level; the highest number of differentially expressed genes were detected between SCD-TT pigs fed with the two diets. The genes modulated by the diet with the vitamin A supplement belonged to metabolic and signalling pathways related to immunity and inflammation, transport through membrane-bounded vesicles, fat metabolism and transport, reflecting the impact of retinol on a wide range of metabolic processes. Conclusions Restricting dietary vitamin A during the fattening period did not improve intramuscular fat content despite relevant changes in muscle gene expression, both in coding and non-coding genes. Vitamin A activated general pathways of retinol response in a SCD genotype-dependant manner, which affected the monounsaturated fatty acid content, particularly in SCD-CC pigs.

Aim. To study the distribution of genotypes by polymorphisms of the leptin (LEP SNP g.3469 T > C, LEP SNP g.2845 A > T) and cathepsin F (CTSF SNP g.22 C > G) genes according to the quality levels PSE, NOR and DFD meat in Large White pig breed of Ukrainian selection and to fi nd associations of genetic markers with the total indicator of meat quality. Methods. We studied meat samples (m. longissimus dorsi) from 102 pigs of Ukrainian Large White breed, raised to the weight at slaughter of 120 ± 5 kg in the experimental farm “Stepne” of the Poltava region, Ukraine. The ranking of muscle tissue was carried out according to the total indicator of meat quality (TM). PCR-RFLP analysis was used for DNA typing. The associations between genetic markers and TM were determined using ANOVA. Results. Genetic population analysis of Large White breed pigs of Ukrainian selection by genetic markers LEP SNP g.3469 T > C, LEP SNP g.2845 A > T and СTSF SNP g.22 C > G was carried out. The informative value of LEP SNP g.2845 A > T and СTSF SNP g.22 C > G, according to the calculated polymorphism information content, was optimal for associative studies (PIC = 0.311 and 0.373, respectively). The distribution of meat samples by quality levels PSE, NOR and DFD was performed. Most of them had traits of moderately expressed (n = 22) and weakly expressed (n = 59) PSE defect (light, soft, exudative meat). The calculated coeffi cients of Chuprov’s mutual conjugation between the genotypes for the studied SNPs and meat quality levels showed a moderate relationship between the genotypes for LEP SNP g.2845 A > T and CTSF SNP g.22 C > G and meat quality levels, К = 0.26 and 0.24, respectively. According to the results of ANOVA, the differences were found between homozygous and heterozygous CTSF SNP g.22 C > G genotypes in terms of the total indicator of meat quality. Conclusions. The meat of heterozygous pigs for CTSF SNP g.22 C > G (g.22GC) is characterized by a higher total indicator of meat quality (4.6) compared to the meat of homozygous animals g.22GG (4.2, p ≤ 0.05) and g.22CC (3.9, p ≤ 0.01).

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Marker-Assisted Selection is getting increasing attention in animal breeding as an effective tool for choosing animals with desirable traits. Identification of molecular markers which are related to candidate genes is a promising approach for improving economic traits and has to be evaluated for further gene-trait associations. Single nucleotide polymorphisms are genetic markers that can be associated with production traits. SNP genotyping has to be done additionally for each breed to see if they are polymorphic and have significant associations with certain traits. Among the candidate genes that influence the expression of productive traits, special attention is drawn to LY49B, EDNRB and CSN3 genes. Gene EDNRB is associated with lethal white foal syndrome, LY49B is responsible for induction of immune response and CSN3 gene is responsible for reproduction traits in horses. SNPs LY49B с. 1763 C>T, EDNRB g.118 TC/AG and CSN3 g. 66 A>G have been receiving increasing attention as potential markers which are responsible for developing important selection traits in horses. The study was conducted on Ukrainian Riding Horse, Russian Trotter and Orlov Trotter horse breeds (50 animals for each breed). Genotyping was performed using PCR–RFLP method. EDNRB polymorphism g. 118 TC/AG was polymorphic only in the Ukrainian Riding horse breed. This indicates carriers of the lethal mutation of the White Foal Syndrome (LWFS) only in the mentioned breed. SNP CSN3 g. 66 A>G turned out to be polymorphic (with the predominance of A g. 66 allele) and low-informative (i.e., PIC=0,090-0,122) in Ukrainian Riding Horse, Russian Trotter and Orlov Trotterther breeds. SNP LY49B c. 1763 C> T turned out to be low-polymorphic (with the predominance of G c.1763 allele) but enough informative (i.e., PIC=0,212-0,365) in Ukrainian Riding Horse, Russian Trotter and Orlov Trotterther breeds. Consequently, it is highly prospective to create experimental groups for studied horse breeds to identifying possible associations only for SNP CSN3 g. 66 A>G.

Much attention is paid to the study of kappa-casein gene polymorphism in dairy breeds of cattle. Moreover, there is a lack of research on kappa-casein polymorphism in cattle beef breeds. Knowing that different alleles of the kappa-casein gene have different effects on milk yield and milk protein content, it would be important to study the exact allele associations in Ukrainian Charolais cattle. In addition, it would be relevant to find out whether there is an effect of different alleles of the kappa-casein gene on growth parameters in offspring. In addition, the current study would be highly relevant due to no previous research of κ- Cn in Ukrainian Charolais cattle. The polymorphism of the kappa-casein (κ-Cn) gene was studied in the population of Ukrainian Charolais cattle (n=29), "Privilla" agricultural company (Ukraine, Luhansk region) using the PCR-PDRF method. DNA was extracted from blood using the DNA Sorb isolation kit (AmplySens). Hind III restriction enzyme (FastDigest, Thermo Scientific) was used to see 2 allelic variants of κ-Cn polymorphism, which are A (273 bp) and B (182, 91 bp). The frequency of the A allele was 0.57±0.065 and 0.43±0.065 of the B allele. According to the genotyping results, allele frequency distribution in the population of 2021 did not reliably differ from the population of 2012. As a result, allele frequencies of the kappa-casein gene in 2012 for allele A was 0.61±0.054 and for B 0.39±0.054. This indicates the lack of selection pressure on population dynamics such as selective selection and gene drift over a period of 10 years. The frequency of AA genotypes was equal to 0.31, of BB genotype to 0.17 and of AB to 0.52. It was found that the theoretically expected number of genotypes, calculated according to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, did not reliably differ from the actual number. It could be related to current alleles being within an equilibrium state. In cattle with different genotypes of the κ-Cn gene, the values of the liveweight gain (kg) and the average daily gain (g) were calculated. In cattle with the BB genotype, there was an increase in the weight gain of their calves at weaning at 210 days (206.0±5.65 kg). In addition, the average daily gain of calves was 981.0±26.94 g, compared to genotypes AA (201.4±8.08 kg and 958.9±37.85 g, respectively) and AB – (196.8±2.45 kg and 936.9±11.73 g, respectively). Though, there were no significant differences between AA, BB and AB genotypes considering the studied parameters. Keywords: gene, kappa-casein, cattle, Charolais, polymorphism, meat productivity.

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In order to determine the productivity of Simmental cattle population, genotyping of animals by genes associated with economically useful traits was carried out. The application of results in planning long-term selection and breeding work, considering genotypes of breeding bulls was proposed. Polymorphism of kappa-casein (κ-Cn), beta-lactoglobulin (βLG), leptin (LEP) and somatotropin (GH) genes in Simmental cattle population (The breeding facility “Krasniy Velikan”) was performed using of PCR-RFLP method. The level of productivity on milk yield, fat and protein content in milk was established. The combination of genotypes in the Simmental cattle population was determined on the basis of marking hereditary information by genes of quantitative traits to increase the productive potential of animals. In the studied population of Simmental breed polymorphisms were found to be polymorphic in all studied genes. The connection of controlled genes with indicators of animal milk productivity is established. Genotypes BB (κ-Cn), AA (βLG), BA (GH) and AB (LEP) were characterized by the highest rates of milk yield during the first lactation, genotypes AB (κ-Cn), AA (βLG), BA (GH) and AA (LEP) – the highest fat content in milk, genotypes AA (κ-Cn), BB (βLG), BA (GH) - the highest protein content in milk. The analysis of associative connections of the main productive traits of Simmental cattle with polymorphism of genes of kappa-casein, growth hormone, leptin and beta-lactoglobulin makes it possible to establish the most desirable complex genotypes: κ- to increase the fat content of milk, κ-CnAAGHBALEPAA / ABΒlgBA in selection to increase the protein content in milk. It is shown that in order to increase the productivity of Simmental cattle populations it is necessary to genotype breeding animals by genes associated with economically useful traits and apply the results when planning long-term plans for breeding work considering the genotypes of breeding bulls.