The article presents the results of the study of biochemical indicators of blood serum and their relationship with the fattening and meat qualities of young pigs of the large white breed, as well as the calculation of the level of correlations between the signs and the economic efficiency of their use in the conditions of the industrial complex. Studies show that the biochemical indicators of blood serum of young pigs of the large white breed correspond to the physiological norm of clinically healthy animals, namely: the total protein content is 83.46 g/l, the urea content is 5.15 mmol/l, the urea nitrogen content is 10.14 mg %; the coefficient of variation of the specified quantitative features of the interior ranges from 4.85 to 14.99 %. By the age of reaching a live weight of 100 kg, the animals of the total sample (N=42) exceed the minimum requirements of the elite class by 6.57, the thickness of lard at the level of 6-7 thoracic vertebrae - 28.62, the length of the chilled carcass - 3.72 %. Taking into account the intrabreed differentiation of animals according to the "intensity of formation" index, it was established that the young pigs of the II experimental group (∆t=0.715-1.011) prevailed over the peers of the same age I (∆t=1.076-1.356) in terms of average daily live weight gain, the age of reaching a live weight of 100 kg and fat thickness at the level of 6-7 thoracic vertebrae by an average of 3.61%. There was no significant difference between the groups in the thickness of lard at the level of 6-7 thoracic vertebrae, the length of the chilled carcass, the largest (front) and smallest (back) width of the bacon half of the carcass. The number of reliable connections between biochemical indicators of blood serum, fattening and meat qualities of young pigs of the controlled population is 33.33 %. The criterion for selecting highly productive animals of the main herd according to the absolute indicators of the fattening and meat qualities of their offspring is their compliance with the elite class, and according to the "intensity of formation" index - 0.715-1.011 points. Keywords: young pigs, breed, fattening and meat qualities, index, variability, correlation, cost of additional products.
The article outlines the data on the study of the specifics of the gene pool of the horses of the Trakehner breed of domestic selection as a whole (n = 236), and leading tribal business entities and the private sector. Immunogenetic differences are identified and a comparative characteristic of horses of farms behind frequencies and spectrum of alleles of genetic blood group systems has been carried out. The population of the Trakehner breed of horses of domestic selection owns a peculiar immunogenetic profile in the context of the tribal business entities and the private sector, owns certain specificity and variability, which is associated with both breed differences and different breeding methods in our country. In stallions (n=89), the frequency of the Dcegm allele (q=0,034), Dd (q=0.124), Ddg (q=0.079), Ddk (q=0.337) is significantly a significant temple, and Dbcm alleles (q=0.129), Dcgm (q=0.185), Dde (q=0.112) significantly low than the Dcegm mares (n=147) (q=0.014), Dd (q=0.102), Ddg (q=0.065), Ddk (q=0.320) and Dbcm (q=0.146), Dcgm (q=0.207), Dde (q=0.139) - respectively. Also, the stallions had no allele Dad. The Trakehner horse breed of domestic selection has the highest concentration in the frequencies of alleles DDK (q=0.326), and somewhat high in the frequencies of Dcgm alleles (q=0.199), Dbcm (q=0.139) and Dde (q=0.129). The allele Dad (q=0,004) is extremely rare. The most common among all the populations of the Trakehner horse breed studied by us according to the D-system are the alleles Dcgm, Ddk. They were observed on all farms of certified horses of this breed. The highest frequencies of the Dcgm allele in the farms: OOO "Borzhava Plus" (q=0.35), OOO "Kleinoda" (q=0.33), OOO "KSK"Prodani koni"(q=0.31), SOOO AF "Zorya"(q=0.21) and private owners (q=0.22). The frequency of the Ddk allele is the highest in the farms of OOO "Borzhava Plus" (q=0.65), the horse farm "Vinnichina" (q=0.50), OOO "Kleinoda" (q=0.50), OOO "Russia" (q=0.50). In the same system, the Dcegm allele was observed in 4 farms: SOOO AF "Zorya" (q=0.03), the equestrian plant "Vinnichina" (q=0.07), in small farms (q=0.03) and frequent sectors (q=0.05). The highest number of homozygous horses of the Trakehner breed in farms: GP "Pivdenkonetsenter" (N = 5), OOO "Russia" (n = 5) and in small farms (n = 8).
Marker-Assisted Selection is getting increasing attention in animal breeding as an effective tool for choosing animals with desirable traits. Identification of molecular markers which are related to candidate genes is a promising approach for improving economic traits and has to be evaluated for further gene-trait associations. Single nucleotide polymorphisms are genetic markers that can be associated with production traits. SNP genotyping has to be done additionally for each breed to see if they are polymorphic and have significant associations with certain traits. Among the candidate genes that influence the expression of productive traits, special attention is drawn to LY49B, EDNRB and CSN3 genes. Gene EDNRB is associated with lethal white foal syndrome, LY49B is responsible for induction of immune response and CSN3 gene is responsible for reproduction traits in horses. SNPs LY49B с. 1763 C>T, EDNRB g.118 TC/AG and CSN3 g. 66 A>G have been receiving increasing attention as potential markers which are responsible for developing important selection traits in horses. The study was conducted on Ukrainian Riding Horse, Russian Trotter and Orlov Trotter horse breeds (50 animals for each breed). Genotyping was performed using PCR–RFLP method. EDNRB polymorphism g. 118 TC/AG was polymorphic only in the Ukrainian Riding horse breed. This indicates carriers of the lethal mutation of the White Foal Syndrome (LWFS) only in the mentioned breed. SNP CSN3 g. 66 A>G turned out to be polymorphic (with the predominance of A g. 66 allele) and low-informative (i.e., PIC=0,090-0,122) in Ukrainian Riding Horse, Russian Trotter and Orlov Trotterther breeds. SNP LY49B c. 1763 C> T turned out to be low-polymorphic (with the predominance of G c.1763 allele) but enough informative (i.e., PIC=0,212-0,365) in Ukrainian Riding Horse, Russian Trotter and Orlov Trotterther breeds. Consequently, it is highly prospective to create experimental groups for studied horse breeds to identifying possible associations only for SNP CSN3 g. 66 A>G.
Much attention is paid to the study of kappa-casein gene polymorphism in dairy breeds of cattle. Moreover, there is a lack of research on kappa-casein polymorphism in cattle beef breeds. Knowing that different alleles of the kappa-casein gene have different effects on milk yield and milk protein content, it would be important to study the exact allele associations in Ukrainian Charolais cattle. In addition, it would be relevant to find out whether there is an effect of different alleles of the kappa-casein gene on growth parameters in offspring. In addition, the current study would be highly relevant due to no previous research of κ- Cn in Ukrainian Charolais cattle. The polymorphism of the kappa-casein (κ-Cn) gene was studied in the population of Ukrainian Charolais cattle (n=29), "Privilla" agricultural company (Ukraine, Luhansk region) using the PCR-PDRF method. DNA was extracted from blood using the DNA Sorb isolation kit (AmplySens). Hind III restriction enzyme (FastDigest, Thermo Scientific) was used to see 2 allelic variants of κ-Cn polymorphism, which are A (273 bp) and B (182, 91 bp). The frequency of the A allele was 0.57±0.065 and 0.43±0.065 of the B allele. According to the genotyping results, allele frequency distribution in the population of 2021 did not reliably differ from the population of 2012. As a result, allele frequencies of the kappa-casein gene in 2012 for allele A was 0.61±0.054 and for B 0.39±0.054. This indicates the lack of selection pressure on population dynamics such as selective selection and gene drift over a period of 10 years. The frequency of AA genotypes was equal to 0.31, of BB genotype to 0.17 and of AB to 0.52. It was found that the theoretically expected number of genotypes, calculated according to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, did not reliably differ from the actual number. It could be related to current alleles being within an equilibrium state. In cattle with different genotypes of the κ-Cn gene, the values of the liveweight gain (kg) and the average daily gain (g) were calculated. In cattle with the BB genotype, there was an increase in the weight gain of their calves at weaning at 210 days (206.0±5.65 kg). In addition, the average daily gain of calves was 981.0±26.94 g, compared to genotypes AA (201.4±8.08 kg and 958.9±37.85 g, respectively) and AB – (196.8±2.45 kg and 936.9±11.73 g, respectively). Though, there were no significant differences between AA, BB and AB genotypes considering the studied parameters. Keywords: gene, kappa-casein, cattle, Charolais, polymorphism, meat productivity.
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