We examined for the first time the effect of prenatal waterpipe tobacco smoke exposure on learning and memory of offspring. The results showed that in utero exposure to waterpipe tobacco smoke was associated with impaired memory and decreased brain derived neurotrophic factor in hippocampus of adult male offspring rats.
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increased worldwide. Tobacco smoking increases the risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Waterpipe tobacco smoking has become a global trend of tobacco consumption and is as common as cigarette smoking. In this study, the effect of waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) on the development of metabolic syndrome in rats was evaluated. Adult Wistar rats were exposed for 19 weeks to either fresh air (control) or WTS for 1 hour daily/ 5 days per week (WTS). Central obesity, systolic blood pressure, lipid profile, glucose hemostasis and levels of leptin and adiponectin were evaluated. The WTS exposure increased body weight, abdominal circumference, systolic blood pressure and fasting glucose compared to control animals (P<0.05), consistent with inducing metabolic syndrome. The retroperitoneal fat, lipid profile and levels of insulin, leptin and adiponectin were not affected by WTS exposure (P>0.05). In conclusion, exposure to WTS has detrimental health effects leading to the development of metabolic syndrome in experimental animals.
Male infertility is adversely affected by tobacco cigarette smoking. Herein, the effects of prenatal waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) exposure on reproductive hormones and oxidative stress of adult offspring rats were evaluated. Pregnant rats received either fresh air or mainstream WTS (2 hr daily). Pregnancy outcomes, circulatory levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin, testicular levels of oestrogen, testosterone and oxidative stress biomarkers [catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)] were assessed in their adult male offspring rats. Prenatal WTS exposure reduced the number of born offspring, female to pups ratio and birthweight (p < 0.05). Prenatal WTS exposure increased the circulatory levels of FSH and the testicular levels of oestrogen, testosterone and TBARS and catalase activity compared with control group (p < 0.05). However, GPx activity was reduced by WTS exposure (p < 0.05). There appeared to be a trend of increased LH and prolactin levels with prenatal WTS exposure; however, it was not statistically significant compared with control group (p > 0.05). The activity of SOD was not affected by prenatal WTS exposure (p > 0.05). In conclusion, prenatal WTS exposure altered reproductive hormones as well as oxidative stress biomarkers in adult male offspring rats.
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