Background:Obesity is associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis, disrupted intestinal barrier and chronic inflammation. Given the high and increasing prevalence of obesity worldwide, anti-obesity treatments that are safe, effective and widely available would be beneficial. We examined whether the medicinal mushroom Antrodia cinnamomea may reduce obesity in mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD).Methods:Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a HFD for 8 weeks to induce obesity and chronic inflammation. The mice were treated with a water extract of A. cinnamomea (WEAC), and body weight, fat accumulation, inflammation markers, insulin sensitivity and the gut microbiota were monitored.Results:After 8 weeks, the mean body weight of HFD-fed mice was 39.8±1.2 g compared with 35.8±1.3 g for the HFD+1% WEAC group, corresponding to a reduction of 4 g or 10% of body weight (P<0.0001). WEAC supplementation reduced fat accumulation and serum triglycerides in a statistically significant manner in HFD-fed mice. WEAC also reversed the effects of HFD on inflammation markers (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α), insulin resistance and adipokine production (leptin and adiponectin). Notably, WEAC increased the expression of intestinal tight junctions (zonula occludens-1 and occludin) and antimicrobial proteins (Reg3g and lysozyme C) in the small intestine, leading to reduced blood endotoxemia. Finally, WEAC modulated the composition of the gut microbiota, reducing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and increasing the level of Akkermansia muciniphila and other bacterial species associated with anti-inflammatory properties.Conclusions:Supplementation with A. cinnamomea produces anti-obesogenic, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects in HFD-fed mice by maintaining intestinal integrity and modulating the gut microbiota.

Background and aims: The pancreatic cystic neoplasms, including solid pseudopapillary tumour (SPT), mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN), and intraductal papillary mucin producing tumour (IPMT), have their characteristic clinicopathological features. A systematic investigation of oestrogen receptor (OR), progesterone receptor (PR), trefoil factor 1(TFF1), and epidermal growth factor and its receptor (EGF and EGFR) expressed in pancreatic cystic neoplasms and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma was determined to elucidate their corresponding sex and age predilection, cell origin, and pathway of malignant transformation. Methods: Surgical specimens of SPT (n=10), MCN (n=12), IPMT (n=10), and ductal adenocarcinoma (n=20) were studied. The expression of OR, PR, TFF1, EGF, and EGFR were each determined in each disease entity using monoclonal antibodies by immunohistochemical method. The results were correlated with the clinicopathological data. Results: PR was expressed in all 10 SPT, whereas OR was expressed in none of 10 SPT. TFF1 was not or weakly expressed in SPT. Although EGF was strongly expressed in seven of 10 SPT, synchronous expression of EGF and its receptor was expressed in none of 10 SPT. Of the 12 MCN, six had PR expression in the stroma cells but not in the neoplastic epithelium, seven had a moderate or strong expression of TFF1, and 10 had no or weak EGFR expression, irrespective of their benigneity or malignancy. Synchronous expression of EGF and EGFR was observed in only one of 12 MCN. Among 10 IPMT, TFF1 and EGFR were moderately or strongly expressed in all six malignancies, whereas TFF1 and EGFR were not or weakly expressed in three of four benigneity. Of 20 ductal adenocarcinomas, TFF1 and EGFR were moderately or strongly expressed in 16 and 12, respectively. Synchronous expression of EGF and EGFR was observed in six of 10 IPMT and nine of 20 ductal adenocarcinoma, respectively. Conclusion: PR was uniquely expressed in SPT, and OR and PR were expressed in stroma of MCN, reflecting their sex and age predilection. TFF1 expression was related to EGFR such as in IPMT and ductal adenocarcinoma, not related to EGFR such as in MCN, and not related to hormonal receptors such as in SPT. EGF and its receptor might play a part in the malignant transformation of IPMT and ductal adenocarcinoma, but not of SPT and MCN.

This study shows that SCI is associated with a subsequent increased risk of PD. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism underlying this association.

DMBT-1 expression is increased in IPN-L and non-invasive cholangiocarcinoma as well as in biliary epithelia in hepatolithiasis. Decreased expression of DMBT-1 and homozygous deletion of the DMBT-1 gene in invasive cholangiocarcinoma suggest that they occur in the late stage of cholangiocarcinogenesis.