Keratoconus is an ectatic corneal disorder for which exciting therapeutic and diagnostic technologies are emerging. However, its pathogenesis is still heterogeneous and elusive. We researched overlooked Asian keratoconus data by literature review of databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Ovid, Google Scholar, Cornea, and Cochrane) using key words "keratoconus, Asia, epidemiology, treatment, risk factors, genes" and names of Asian countries. Articles and their references were analyzed. Studies showed that keratoconus may be more prevalent, have earlier onset, and have greater disease progression in certain Asian and non-Asian ethnicities, particularly Indians, Pakistanis, Middle Easterners, and Polynesians, compared with white populations. Epidemiological risk factors include ethnicity, age (younger than 30 years), gender (male), positive family history, and eye rubbing. Genetic and disease risk factors include atopy, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, Down syndrome, pellucid marginal corneal degeneration, VSX1 (visual system homeobox 1) gene, and Leber congenital amaurosis. Differentiation of heterogeneous keratoconus subsets with detailed genotype-phenotype characterization may advance understanding. Comprehensive multiethnic population studies with valid large-scale data are needed. New effective treatments (deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty, intrastromal corneal ring segments, and corneal collagen cross-linking with riboflavin) are succeeding previous treatments.

Intergrader and intragrader variability was high when assessing DR. This may be due to the chronic nature of DR progression, which can lead to patchy areas of ischemia. Intergrader and intragrader variability was better for CRVO and best for BRVO. This may be due to the acute or subacute nature of retinal vein occlusions.

Only 9 cases of infraorbital nerve schwannoma have been described in literature, and the sublabial intraoral incision was attempted in only 1 case. The authors describe a rare case of an extraosseous schwannoma arising from the infraorbital nerve that presented as a cheek lump, its workup, its differentials, its treatment, and a review of literature. The use of a preoperative computed tomographic scan permitted the use of a sublabial intraoral incision with good visual access to the lesion and facilitated its complete extirpation without incurring external scars.

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