Single air-suspended carbon nanotubes (length 2-5 microm) exhibit high optical quantum efficiency (7-20%) for low intensity resonant pumping. Under ultrafast excitation (150 fs), emission dramatically saturates at very low exciton numbers (2-6), which is attributed to highly efficient exciton-exciton annihilation over micron-length scales. Similar saturation behavior for 4 ps pulse excitation shows nonlinear absorption is not a contributing factor. The absorption cross sections (0.6-1.8x10(-17) cm2/atom) are determined by fitting to a stochastic model for exciton dynamics.

An efficient method for generating extended plasma waveguides is developed by using the axicon lens in conjunction with the ignitor-heater scheme. The short-pulse ignitor generates the seed electrons by multiphoton ionization, and the long-pulse heater expands the plasma by inverse bremsstrahlung heating and builds up the plasma density barrier by collisional ionization. A 1.2-cm-long plasma waveguide is generated in pure Ar gas with a total energy of only 100 mJ. Evolution of the plasma density profile is measured by time-resolved interferometry to show the waveguide forming process and how it can be optimized.

One-dimensional crystals have long range translational invariance which manifests as long exciton diffusion lengths, but such intrinsic properties are often obscured by environmental perturbations. We use a first-passage approach to model single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) exciton dynamics (including exciton-exciton annihilation and end effects) and compare it to results from both continuous-wave and multipulse ultrafast excitation experiments to extract intrinsic SWCNT properties. Excitons in suspended SWCNTs experience macroscopic diffusion lengths, on the order of the SWCNT length (1.3-4.7 μm), in sharp contrast to encapsulated samples. For these pristine samples, our model reveals intrinsic lifetimes (350-750 ps), diffusion constants (130-350 cm 2 /s), and absorption cross sections (2.1-3.6 × 10 −17 cm 2 /atom) among the highest previously reported.Semiconductor nanoscience has rapidly expanded since material engineering enabled control of the dimensionality, with two-dimensional (quantum well), one-dimensional (quantum wire), and zero-dimensional (quantum dot) systems now readily producible. These nanosystems have been particularly useful for optical applications due to their customizable electronic properties and, in contrast to bulk semiconductors, the electronic density of states (DOS) at the band gap is nonzero. In the case of quantum wires, the one-dimensional quantum confinement leads to Van Hove singularities, which are divergences in the DOS at the band gap. An example of a nearly ideal quantum wire is the single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT), which is a rolled graphene sheet with radial quantum confinement and translation invariance along the SWCNT axis. The one dimensionality of carriers in SWCNTs results in a strong Coulomb interaction which binds the electron-hole pair into an exciton with a binding energy approximately one third of the single particle band gap. 1,2 For many SWCNT samples, the exciton lifetime is dominated by end quenching, defects/adsorbates, and, when highly excited, interactions between excitons. These decay mechanisms are all strongly dependent on exciton transport, which is often modeled as diffusive, with an effective diffusion length determined by the sample quality. 3,4 The high likelihood of spatial overlap between diffusing excitons results in efficient Auger-like exciton-exciton annihilation (EEA) which limits the maximum exciton density well below the predictions of phase-space filling. 5 In addition to EEA, diffusion also allows quenching of excitons at the ends and defect sites, severely limiting the quantum efficiency for many samples. Interestingly, both diffusion driven end/defect quenching and EEA enable many realized and potential photonic applications. 6 At low exciton densities, the stochastic fluctuations of the optical emission intensity due to the adsorption and desorption of fluorescence quenchers has led to single molecule counting arrays and biological sensors. 7-9 At high exciton densities, the rapid relaxation of excitons due to EEA may give rise ...

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By utilizing the intensity- and duration-dependent heating and expansion rate of nanoplasma to generate a transient transverse gradient of the refractive index, prepulse controlled laser-beam propagation is demonstrated. The dynamical response of the macroscopic optical refractive index is traced back to the microscopic polarizability of nanoplasmas experimentally, in accordance with hydrodynamic nanoplasma models. In particular, the delay between the prepulse and the main pulse for maximum Rayleigh scattering is found to be longer than that for maximum x-ray emission, supporting the more refined one-dimensional self-consistent hydrodynamic nanoplasma model.

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