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Manufacturing process and human operational errors may cause small-sized defects, such as cracks, over-welding, and black edges, on solar cell surfaces. These surface defects are subtle and, therefore, difficult to observe and detect. Accurate detection and replacement of defective battery modules is necessary to ensure the energy conversion efficiency of solar cells. To improve the adaptability to the scale changes of various types of surface defects of solar cells, this study proposed a multi-feature region proposal fusion network (MF-RPN) structure to detect surface defects. In such a network, region proposals are extracted from different feature layers of convolutional neural networks. Additionally, considering that multiple aspect ratios and scale settings and the use of multiple RPNs, result in an overlap of candidate regions and lead to information redundancy, we designed a multiscale region proposal selection strategy (MRPSS) to reduce the number of region proposals and improve network accuracy. Owing to the complete learning of shallow-detail texture information and deep semantic information, our multiscale RPN fusion structure can effectively improve an object's multiscale feature extraction ability for various scales and types of surface defects of solar cells. Experimental results demonstrate that our method outperforms other methods by achieving a higher detection accuracy.

In the paper, we are concerned with the system of Kirchhoff-Schrödinger-Poisson system under certain assumptions on V 1 , V 2 , K and f . We are interested in the existence of least energy sign-changing solutions to the system on R N . Because two kinds of nonlocal terms φ u and R N |∇u| 2 are involved in the system, the methods are different from the Kirchhoff or the Schrödinger-Poisson system. The two nonlocal terms R N |∇u| 2 and φ u make that the functional J(uthe nonlocal term φ u does not have the convergence property because of the assumption V 2 . In addition, the convergence of these two nonlocal terms are different. In the present paper, we unify the increasing property conditions on sign-changing solution in previous papers. We construct a new homotopy operator and then weaken the assumption that f is C 1 to that of f being only continuous. We prove that the system has a sign-changing solution via a constraint variational method combining with Brouwer's degree theory. MSC: 47J30; 34B15

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