Among plant-specific transcription factors, ethylene response factors (ERFs) comprise one of the largest families. ERFs are unique to the plant kingdom and are considered to have crucial roles in plant response to various biotic and abiotic environmental stresses. Here, we report on the functional analysis of a transcriptional repressor, NtERF3, with regard to cell death associated with a hypersensitive response (HR), a plant-specific resistance reaction against pathogens. Expression of NtERF3 was upregulated during HR induction by Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection in tobacco plants harboring the resistance N gene to TMV. Transient overexpression of NtERF3 by Agrobacterium-mediated gene delivery induced HR-like cell death in tobacco, associated with the production of reactive oxygen species and ion leakage. Deletion of the ERF-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif from NtERF3 resulted in no induction of cell death, while the deletion had no effect on nuclear localization of the proteins. After virus-mediated gene delivery, similar results also were observed in tobacco without the N gene. In addition to NtERF3, other EAR motif-containing ERFs from tobacco, Nicotiana benthamiana and rice also induced cell death when overproduced in tobacco plants. The results suggested that many ERF genes encoding EAR motif-containing proteins might have the ability to induce cell death when overexpressed.
It has been clarified that coal seams have a significant ability of CO 2 adsorption more than CH 4 as approximately double based on some experiments reported. By utilizing this property, coal bed methane gas can be replaced with CO 2 injected and produced as a clean energy.The demonstration project has already has been proceeded in North America, Europe and Japan. In Japan, coal seams, where mining is difficult economically, reserves about 18 billion ton, and it has been estimated that CO 2 sequestration into the coal seams has a potential of about 6 trillion m 3 (Koide and Yamazaki 6) ).In this study, measurements of CO 2 adsorption and gas permeabilities of coal specimens have been carried out in order to clarify sensitivities of coal specimen's size on CO 2 adsorption capacity and permeability. Furthermore, adsorption behaviors against saturated CO 2 water have been measured to simulate CO 2 adsorption in a coal seam with high water saturation.Based on measurement results, it was found that the region of about 10 ~ 15mm in depth from a surface where gas supplied abundantly may work for CO 2 adsorption, because the adsorption capacity of the core specimens show about 1 / 2 to 1 / 3 of ones of crushed samples 4mm in size. On the other hand, the adsorption capacity of 4mm crushed coal in the saturated soda water was around 80% of a coal specimen in dry CO 2 gas. KEY WORDS : CO 2 , Sequestration, Coal Seam, Permeability, Gas Adsorption, Saturated Soda Water
This study explores the value co-creation framework to revive tradition-bound products using rhetorical history and service-dominant logic. This framework shows the effects of using historical significance to enable value co-creation in a new ecosystem by engaging consumers and local communities without eliminating their traditions. Existing studies merely discuss the methodology of a rhetorical emphasis on the authenticity of traditional industrial firms’ history to attract customers. This study explains the motivation to engage in value co-creation to transform tradition-bound businesses. Through these processes, businesses’ boundaries are thawed, and the customer becomes the advocate and thus, the driver of reviving tradition-bound products.
Purpose:In this article we focus on the issue of organizational control in its bureaucratic and cultural forms.
Methodology:This research uses exploratory case study analysis of Matsushita Konosuke's management style of in the early years of the Panasonic Corporation.Findings: First of all, we fi nd that despite the impressive body of knowledge accumulated over the years, some questions concerning the relationship between two modes of control and their changes over time still remain unanswered. As a result of case study analysis we put forward an original model illustrating the relationship between bureaucratic and cultural modes of control over stages of the organization life cycle.
Research implications and limitations:Implications of the study consist of prescriptions on how to successfully exert control by combining formal and informal measures. Main limitations of the study are related to its generalizability.Originality: Originality of the study results both from putting forward a new theoretical models and using original historical case of Panasonic Corporation.
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