SUMMARY Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) is the enzyme responsible for converting protein-bound arginine residues to citrulline. It has recently been shown that a number of epidermal proteins, including filaggrin, trichohyalin, and keratins, are deiminated by the action of PAD, suggesting a possible role for protein deimination during the final stages of epidermal differentiation. We report here a novel PAD substrate found during the course of identifying deiminated proteins in cultured rat epidermal keratinocytes. We found that a 70-kD protein localized to the periphery of the nucleus was preferentially deiminated after ionomycin treatment in the presence of 2 mM calcium and was associated with apoptotic events in these cells. Furthermore, we discovered that the deimination of nuclear protein could be induced by transfection of a PAD cDNA into rat epidermal keratinocytes. These data suggest that PAD may act on the 70-kD nuclear protein to induce disassembly of the nuclear lamina and promote apoptosis during terminal epidermal differentiation.
Three series of D‐glucosamine derivatives containing an alkyl chain with 8 to 14 atoms, methyl 2‐acylamino‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucopyranosides,n‐alkyl 2‐acetylamino‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucopyranosides andn‐alkyl 2‐amino‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucopyranoside hydrochlorides, were synthesized, and their surface properties (such as surface tension, critical micelle concentration (CMC), dynamic surface tension and foaming properties), biodegradability and antimicrobial activities were evaluated.n‐Alkyl 2‐amino‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucopyranoside hydrochlorides containing C8 to C12 carbon chains showed surface activities, a CMC and excellent foaming properties. The α‐anomers showed a slightly lower CMC than the β‐anomers, indicating less hydrophilicity of the α‐anomers. On the other hand, glucosamine derivatives containing amide groups showed poor surface activities in water due to their lower solubilities in water. All glucosamine derivatives containing alkyl chains were biodegraded as well as conventional ethoxylated nonionics by activated sludge from the municipal sewage treatment plant. Methyl 2‐acylamino‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucopyranosides andn‐alkyl 2‐amino‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucopyranoside hydrochlorides showed a broader spectrum of antimicrobial activity than the correspondingn‐alkyl glucopyranosides. Among them the C12 derivatives showed the best results.
A 39-year-old man had typical cutaneous focal mucinosis on the left forearm. The fibroblasts in the myxomatous lesion had many cytoplasmic vesicles, and on electron microscopy, these were compatible with condensing vacuoles or secretory granules. The fibroblasts in this case were considered to be mucoblasts involved in the over-production of the ground substance, that was mainly composed of hyaluronic acid.
We report a next-generation, biocide-free, and durable marine antifouling coating technology. To achieve this, we combined two different polymers previously developed by us. First, we synthesized well-defined 2-hydroxypropyl acrylamide (HPA) based bottlebrush polymers with concentrated polymer brush (CPB) structures, which exhibit excellent bioinertness, and second, we synthesized photoreactive copolymers of 2-hydroxypropyl acrylamide (HPA) and N-benzophenone acrylamide (BPA), which can be cross-linked by exposure to sunlight for 30 min. Simply mixing the bottlebrush polymers with the photoreactive copolymers and applying these as a coating provided a scalable method for achieving effective antifouling properties in one step on a broad range of polymer substrate materials. The resistance of bottlebrushes against acid and base hydrolysis was demonstrated in accelerated degradation experiments at 80 °C, and the coating thickness was found to be stable after 3 months of incubation in sea water. Optimized coatings prevented cypris larva attachment for up to 9 days and prevented the settling of marine organisms in the sea for up to 73 days. Due to the ease of application, long-term durability, and effective antifouling performance, our bottlebrush coating technology is expected to be exploited in biocide-free marine paints.
High animal collagenase (EC 3.4.24.7) activity was detected together with gelatinolytic activity directly in human radicular cyst fluids and in 4 M urea extracts of cyst wall tissues. Both cyst wall and cyst fluid collagenases were essentially in latent form and were most effectively activated by p-aminophenylmercuric acetate (APMA). Both APMA-activated collagenases broke down type I collagen preferentially to type III collagen resembling these of polymorphonuclear leukocyte origin.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.