The relationship between solar radiation and sunshine duration is studied for 132 stations in East Asia. Regression coefficients a and b in the modified Angstr6m formula Q/Qa = a + b n/N are found to be systematically distributed in the area with low values of a and high values of b in the winter maximum/summer minimum regime of Q/Qa and n/N, and high values of a and low values of b in the winter minimum/summer maximum regime of Q/Qa and n/N. This shows that the distribution of regression coefficients is more closely related to the local seasonal radiation climate controlled by the prevailing winter monsoon, Baiu, and the terrain features rather than to latitude or mean n/N.
Zusammenfassung
Globalstrahlung und Sonnenscheindauer in OstasienDer Zusammenhang zwischen Globalstrahlung und Sonnenscheindauer wird f'tir 132 Stationen in Ostasien untersucht. Es zeigt sich, daft die Regressionskoeffizienten in der modifizierten Angstr6mgleichung Q/Qa = a + b n/N systematisch ~ber das Gebiet verteilt sind, so dat~ sich niedrige Werte yon a und hohe Werte yon b im Wintermaximum/ Sommerminimum-Regime yon Q/Qa und n/N ergeben, hohe Werte yon a und niedrige Werte yon b dagegen im Winterminimum/Sommermaximum-Regime yon Q/Qa und n/N anfallen. (Die Symbole werden in der Einleitung definiert.) Es ergibt sich daraus, dag Verteflungen der Regressionskoeffizienten eher an Terraingegebenheiten und an das lokale und jahreszeitliche Strahlungsklima gekniipft sind, das durch den vorherrschenden Wintermonsun, Baiu, kontrolliert wird, als an die geographische Breite und an Mittelwerte yon
Abstract. Interpretation of aerial photographs (1962–1965) revealed vegetation asymmetry on opposite valley slopes in the semi‐arid to semi‐humid zones of the island of Oahu. Field studies after 5 and 10 yr showed that this asymmetry is a transitional feature during recovery from disturbance (fire).
The types of asymmetry ranged from difference in vigour of shrub canopies to total difference in floristic composition. Slopes exposed to the trade winds are typically characterized by grassy vegetation and landslides, whereas on the protected part of the upper west‐facing slope immediately behind a ridge, vigorous shrubs and trees grow without any mechanical damage or deformation of crowns. This part of the slope is richer in species, including rare ones, than other parts. It is also characterized by the invasion of grasses from more exposed sites and the elongation of shrub canopies above the crest line.
Different levels of exposure to exceptionally strong trade winds and salt spray at different parts of slopes seem to allow different speeds of recovery and thus contrasting vegetation structure and species composition. The existence of many shrub seedlings on the exposed upper slope suggests that succession is taking place and the vegetation asymmetry seems at least structurally to be a transitional feature.
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