We examined the potential role of myosin and actin in the release of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) from infected cells. Wortmannin (100 nM to 5 ,uM), an effective inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase, blocked the release of HIV-1 from infected T-lymphoblastoid and monocytoid cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Cytochalasin D, a reagent that disrupts the equilibrium between monomeric and polymeric actin, also partially inhibited the release of HIV-1 from the infected cells. At the budding stage, myosin and HIV-1 protein were detected in the same areas on the plasma membrane by using dual-label immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy. In the presence of 5 ,uM wortmannin, viral components were observed on the plasma membrane by using immunofluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy, implying that wortmannin did not disturb the transport of viral proteins to the plasma membrane but rather inhibited budding.The infection and release of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages involves several distinct steps including binding to a specific surface receptor, entry into the host cell, reverse transcription of the RNA genome, replication, transcription, protein synthesis, intracellular transportation, recognition of release sites, and budding (for reviews, see refs.
The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of referred pain from the cervical zygapophyseal joints (C0/1 to C7/Th1) and the cervical dorsal rami (C3 to C7). The subjects were 61 patients who had occipital, neck, and shoulder pain of suspected zygapophyseal origin in whom pain was reproduced by injection of contrast medium into the joints or by electrical stimulation of the dorsal rami. Under fluoroscopic control, the zygapophyseal joints from C0/1 to C7/Th1 were stimulated by the injection of contrast medium and while electrical stimulation of the cervical zygapophyseal dorsal rami at segments C3 to C7 was performed during facet denervation. If injection or electrical stimulation reproduced the patient's usual pain, the distribution of referred pain was determined and the sites of referred pain were divided into 10 areas. A total of 181 joints and 62 segments were studied. Each joint and dorsal ramus produced referred pain with a characteristic distribution. The main distribution of referred pain was as follows. Pain in the occipital region was referred from C2/3 and C3, while pain in the upper posterolateral cervical region was referred from C0/1, C1/2, and C2/3. Pain in the upper posterior cervical region was referred from C2/3, C3/4, and C3, that in the middle posterior cervical region from C3/4, C4/5, and C4, and that in the lower posterior cervical region from C4/5, C5/6, C4, and C5. In addition, pain in the suprascapular region was referred from C4/5, C5/6, and C4, that in the superior angle of the scapula from C6/7, C6, and C7, and that in the mid-scapular region from C7/Th1 and C7.
The peroxidation of lipids and changes in the activities of related enzymes in the gastric mucosa were studied in a rat model of gastric mucosal injury induced by the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin. The area of gastric erosion and the amount of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in gastric mucosa were significantly increased beginning 4h after administration of indomethacin. Xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity in the gastric mucosa also increased immediately after administration of the drug. Although XOD activity was significantly suppressed by allopurinol treatment, the induction of gastric mucosal injury and the increase of TBARS in the gastric mucosa were not. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), a marker enzyme of leukocytes, was unaffected by indomethacin administration. But the depletion of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) counts induced by an injection of anti-rat PMN antibody inhibited both the injury and the increase in TBARS. Indomethacin activated PMN in peripheral blood at 30mg/kg per as and enhanced release of oxygen radicals from PMN in peripheral blood. As compared with the XOD system, the generation of oxygen free radicals may derived mainly from activated PMN. On the other hand, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) were reduced by the administration of indomethacin. Decreases in SOD and GSH-px activity in gastric mucosa may aggravate mucosal injury by free radicals and lipid peroxidation.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.