Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) was isolated from sloughed tongue epithelium of Egyptian cattle presenting with mouth lesions and ropy salivation in two Egyptian governorates (El-Fayoum and Dakahlia). The virus was isolated in Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells and identified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The complete genome was obtained by next generation sequencing. The strains isolated from El-Fayoum and Dakahlia were serotype A and O, respectively and both isolates had identity with the previously reported Egyptian strains. This study reports successive outbreaks of FMDV that occurred in Egypt during 2015–2016 and describes the dynamics of two outbreaks in addition to the use of cardiac biomarkers in the diagnosis of FMD-related myocarditis in calves and its clinical relevance. Serum cardiac troponin1 (cTn I) and creatinine kinase myocardial band (CK-MB) were measured. Mean serum cardiac troponin1 (cTn I) showed significant increase (P < 0.001) in FMDV-infected calves. The increase in fatal and recovered cases was (2.794 ± 0.502 ng/mL) and (1.196 ± 0.443 ng/mL), respectively, compared to the healthy control cases (0.014 ± 0.002 ng/mL). Thus, the serum cTn-I successfully diagnosed FMD-associated myocarditis in calves but not prognostic for the fatal cases. The FMDV sequences described in this study should further help in studying FMDV endemicity in Egypt, tracking the source of infection, selection of control strategies and vaccine updates. The study also determines the clinical relevance of cardiac biomarkers in diagnosis of FMDV-related myocarditis in infected calves.

Aim:The present work was designed to study the incidence of obstructive urolithiasis and to apply comparative diagnosis to urine retention cases.Materials and Methods:A total of 78 non-castrated buffalo calves aging 3-11 months were included in this study, 68 calves were admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Zagazig University, Egypt, during the study period with a history of anuria, and they were classified into three groups; intact bladder group (19 calves), uroperitoneum group (45 calves), and ruptured urethra group (4 calves). 10 apparently healthy calves were used for comparison. On the basis of history, clinical, laboratory, and ultrasonographic findings diagnosis was achieved.Results:There was a marked increase in the incidence of obstructive urolithiasis in winter season, especially in winter months of 2016. Calves within the age of 3-4 months and 6-8 months were mostly affected. Inappetence to anorexia, restlessness or depression, and abdominal distension were the most observed signs in the diseased calves. Laboratory findings revealed hemoconcentration and a significant increase in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels in all diseased groups. Hyperproteinemia, hypocalcemia, and hyperphosphatemia with electrolytes imbalance were recorded in the uroperitoneum group. Ultrasonographically, distended urinary bladder with distal acoustic enhancement revealed obstructive urolithiasis with intact bladder while anechoic fluid in abdominal cavity indicates uroperitoneum.Conclusion:On the basis of all findings, calves with intact bladder were in superior condition than those with a ruptured urethra and both were better than those with uroperitoneum.

Hypertrophic osteopathy (HO) is a diffuse periosteal reactivity of long bones and of poor prognosis as most cases died after short time or euthanized at the time of diagnosis. Early diagnosis is greatly important. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the clinical and different imaging features of HO in 12 dogs and hematological and biochemical changes. Twenty-two dogs were included in this study; 10 apparently healthy dogs were used as controls, and 12 dogs were diagnosed with HO. Diagnosis of HO-affected cases was based on a range of clinical, laboratory, and histopathological examinations as well as different imaging techniques. Two forms of HO were diagnosed: pulmonary (n=5) and extrapulmonary (n=7) HO. In pulmonary HO, pneumonia was recorded in five dogs. However, in extrapulmonary HO, mammary gland tumors and skin tumors were recorded in five and two dogs, respectively. Symmetrical non-edematous soft tissue swelling at the lower parts of the limbs with intensive bone proliferation and periosteal reactivity in the tubular long bones was observed. Anemia and leukocytosis, mainly lymphocytosis 50% or neutrophilia 45%, and elevated serum globulin, alkaline phosphatase, and C-reactive protein levels were the significant associated laboratory findings. The use of different diagnostic techniques was greatly important in the diagnosis of HO in dogs and provided information on the prognosis of such cases.

A total of 32 horses examined from the period between July 2015 and July 2017 were included in the present study. Horses were grouped according to the results of the general clinical examination and the diagnosis. Ten horses were apparently healthy used as control horses (Group I) and 22 research Article Abstract | The aim of this study was to measure the concentration of the plasma D-dimer in healthy horses and in horses with colic and to compare it before and after therapy. Thirty-two horses were included; 22 horses showed signs of abdominal pain. Horses were grouped according to clinical and laboratory examination results into healthy horses (Group I, n=10); horses with colic associated with enteritis and/or colitis (Group II, n=16) were presented with moderate intermittent abdominal pain with increased peristalsis and increased frequency of defecation; horses with colic associated with impaction of the intestine (Group III, n=6) were presented with severe abdominal pain and decreased fecal output. There was significant increase in the concentration of plasma D-dimer in horses with impaction of the intestine and horses with enteritis and/or colitis compared to clinically healthy horses. Therapeutic trials resulted in improvement of the D-dimer concentration where the concentration of plasma D-dimer was significantly decreased in horses with enteritis and/or colitis and in horses with impaction of the intestine after therapy compared to its concentration before therapy. In conclusion, D-dimer is a sensitive marker for detection of excessive fibrinolysis in horses. Higher concentration of plasma D-dimer is observed in severe cases of colic and might reflect poor prognosis.

Background and Aim: Signs of dysautonomia were frequently observed in calves that died during foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) outbreaks in Egypt from 2015 to 2018. This study aimed to describe the clinical and histopathological features of the central nervous system in malignant cases of FMD and excluding possible concurrent bacterial, and bovine herpes virus 4 (BHV4) infections or both. Materials and Methods: In this study, 335 FMDV-infected buffalo calves aged 1-22 months were clinically examined and followed until recovery or death. Of the 335 calves, 134 died (malignant group) and 201 recovered after exhibiting classic symptoms of FMD (recover group). The calves were subjected to clinical examination. For the malignant group, several laboratory trials were conducted to assess the possible cause/s of dysautonomia-related viral, bacterial, or concurrent infections. Koch's postulates and polymerase chain reaction were employed. Postmortem and histopathological examinations of nervous tissue were performed. Results: In the malignant group, signs of dysautonomia were observed before death, including partial or complete gut dysfunction, loss of anal sphincter tone, rapid breathing sounds, fluctuating body temperature, and cardiac arrhythmias. In the malignant group, histopathological examination of the spinal cord, pons, medulla oblongata, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and cerebrum revealed demyelination, neuronal degeneration, and focal areas of malacia and gliosis. The nervous tissue and heart samples from malignant cases were positive for serotype O FMDV. Conclusion: Findings revealed in this study support the existence of neurodegeneration induced by FMDV infection in buffalo calves.

A major clinical problem is digestive tract disorders in ruminants, especially cattle and buffaloes. One such illness is vagal indigestion (VI). In bovine practice, VI is not widespread yet gives the veterinarian a major diagnostic challenge under field conditions, with minimal diagnostic facilities. Both the vagus and the splanchic innervate the ruminant stomach, however, vagal nerve is responsible for the cyclic movements. Vagal indigestion in ruminants is a condition associated with functional stomach disorders, resulting in complete or partial damage, compression or inflammation of the vagus nerve.Vagal indigestion is also known as Hoflund's syndrome in cattle. It is characterized by impaired emptying of the

Background and Aim: Hypocalcemia in goats occurs around the time of parturition and is caused by decreasing level of calcium less than 10 mg/dL. This investigation characterized the hematological and biochemical profiles of peri-parturient hypocalcemia in goats and study the effects of hypocalcemia on uterine involution during the postpartum period on day 0 and then weekly postpartum (day +7, +14, +21, +28, +35, till +42). Materials and Methods: Forty-five polyparous native breed does age 3-5 years and weighing 40–60 kg were assigned to control and hypocalcemia groups based on their health history, clinical and biochemical findings. The control group included 10 clinically healthy pregnant does, and the hypocalcemia group included 35 late pregnant does that suffered from anorexia, weakness, muscle tremors of the hind limbs, and an inability to stand. Clinical examination and blood sampling in both groups were performed approximately 14 days before the expected time of kidding (day–14), at kidding day (day 0), on day +21, and +42 postpartum. Sonographic measurements were used to monitor uterine involution on day 0 and then weekly once the animal was postpartum (day +7, +14, +21, +28, +35, till +42) in both groups. Results: Results of sonographic measurement revealed that the hypocalcemia group had a greater (p<0.05) size of the uterus as assessed transrectally and retarded uterine involution when compared with the control group. Laboratory findings revealed that does in both groups showed lower red blood cells, packed cell volume%, and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations on day –14 before kidding and day 0 when compared with postpartum measurements. A significant increase (p<0.05) in total leukocyte counts, neutrophil, serum glucose, and cortisol levels with a significant decrease (p<0.05) in lymphocytes. Significant decreases (p<0.05) in serum calcium, phosphorous, vitamin D, and total antioxidant capacity levels with significant (p<0.05) increases in serum malondialdehyde were recorded on day 0 and day –14 in the hypocalcemia group when compared with the control group. Conclusion: This investigation provides evidence that hypocalcemia in does causes both metabolic and oxidative stress during peri-parturient periods while also retarding uterine involution during postpartum periods.

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a unique form of functional and potentially reversible renal failure secondary to liver diseases. It occurs typically in kidneys that are histologically normal. In this study, the hepatorenal syndrome was observed in a model of extrahepatic biliary stasis. Seven mature male mongrel dogs were subjected to complete surgical ligation of common bile duct at the duodenal region Clinical, ultrasonographic, , histopathological examinations along with biochemical analysis for liver enzymes and urinalysis were performed before and throughout the experimental periods. Clinical observations post-surgery revealed icteric mucosa, abdominal pain, weight loss, dehydration, orange-colored urine, bilirubinurea, and clay feces. Biochemical analysis showed an abrupt increase in the mean values of serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine from the 3 rd day till reaching the peak at the 2 nd week post-surgery. A strong positive correlation was detected between BUN and creatinine, and serum total and direct bilirubin. Ultrasonographic findings of liver revealed a progressive dilatation of gallbladder and the common bile duct from the 3 rd day post-ligation, with an increase in the echogenicty of the liver, whereas, the kidneys demonstrate normal renal parenchyma and dimensions. Histopathological examination of the kidney revealed hemorrhage, vacuolation, hyaline droplet were observed in renal tubules and edema and yellowish-brown granules were seen in the interstitial tissue, but the significant renal changes that refer to renal failure weren't detected,. In conclusion, the dogs are considered a suitable model for studying hepatorenal syndrome and also there is an association between obstructive jaundice and renal failure.