Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) occurring in association with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is rather rare and carries a worse prognosis and greater disease severity compared with IBD alone. Although it is an infrequently documented association, progress over the last 20 years has led to better understanding of the association between AIP and IBD. IBD has a stronger association with type 2 than with type 1 AIP. Clinical and histologic features of AIP-IBD more often reveal features of type 2 AIP. Imaging is not helpful in facilitating the diagnosis of AIP and IBD. Similarly, attempts to identify a serological marker have not yielded better result. A proposed lymphocyte homing mechanism provides some insight into the mechanism of pathogenesis. This review represents an update of our current knowledge of the association between AIP and IBD.

Over the past year, the novel coronavirus has been a topic of significant research. Multiple gastroenterological symptoms have been associated with this infection, in addition to the well-established pulmonary presentations. Gastrointestinal bleeding can be a complication of infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, which can be exacerbated by the anticoagulants used to treat its thrombotic sequelae. We describe the clinical cases of four patients infected with the novel coronavirus, with significant upper gastrointestinal bleeding requiring endoscopic visualization, along with their clinical outcomes.

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CASE: Microscopic Colitis (MC) coexistent in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is rare. It is not clear if this is merely a chance association or results from a common genetic predisposition or pathophysiological pathway. It has also been hypothesized that MC is a part of spectrum of IBD. We report a case of Crohn’s disease whose clinical course was complicated by collagenous colitis while on adalimumab. This is a case of a 62-year-old veteran with past medical history of tobacco dependence, GERD and Crohn's disease. Crohn’s colitis was diagnosed in 2000 and patient was treated with adalimumab with mucosal healing and histological remission. She was diagnosed with microscopic colitis in August 2017 that was treated with budesonide. Each time the budesonide was titrated off, her microscopic colitis would flare and during one of the titrations, she required hospitalization. Colonoscopy during this time showed no endoscopic evidence of active colitis. The mucosa appeared normal and biopsies throughout the colon revealed quiescent disease. Biopsies, however, did show irregularly thickened collagen table entrapping small capillaries and inflammatory cells consistent with collagenous colitis. There was no evidence of acute inflammation, granuloma, dysplasia or malignancy. She was placed back on budesonide 9 mg daily which resolved her symptoms of diarrhea. Microscopic Colitis (MC) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) differ in their epidemiology, clinical symptoms, endoscopic findings and histopathology. Colonic mucosa appears normal on endoscopy and crypt architecture is not distorted typically in microscopic colitis. A retrospective observational study of 31 patients with both IBD and MC showed a common feature of having long standing Ulcerative Colitis (UC) at a younger age with onset of CC (collagenous colitis) at an older age. Findings of specific negative associations with Crohn’s disease were detected for a number of taxa within the family of ruminococcaceae, in a study of microbiome in new onset Crohn’s disease. Several species of this family are important for the maintenance of gut homeostasis. A recent study on gut microbiota in collagenous colitis demonstrated that the patients with CC displayed a shift in some taxa, like the ruminococcaceae family, which resembles the above-described IBD associated dysbiosis. This could indicate that the pathogenesis of the diseases might have mechanisms related to the gut microbiome in common. The association between collagenous colitis and IBD is still unclear. In patients with Ulcerative Colitis or Crohn’s disease, the onset of new symptoms of non-bloody diarrhea with no signs of IBD relapse on endoscopy, mucosal biopsies should be obtained to rule out MC.

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Conclusion:MicroRNAs play an important role in CRC initiation, progression, and development through manipulation of cell stemness, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumor cells. With this study we identified unique clinically relevant metabolic pathways of CRC affected by downregulated miRNAs. We also identified the unique miRNAs hsa-mir-296b-3p and hsamir-198-3p. Further work is necessary to identify specific roles of these miRNA candidates as biological markers or therapeutic targets for patients with CRC. Table 1. List of the biological pathways identified from predicted target genes of downregulated miRNAs Pathway p-value #genes #miRNAs ECM-receptor interaction 4.97E-32 58 23 Proteoglycans in cancer 6.89E-12 124 26 Focal adhesion 5