In this paper, a high speed elliptic curve cryptographic (ECC) processor for National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) recommended prime [Formula: see text] is proposed. The modular arithmetic components in the proposed ECC processor are highly optimized at both architectural level and circuit level. Redundant-signed-digit (RSD) arithmetic is adopted in the modular arithmetic components to avoid lengthy carry propagation delay. A high speed modular multiplier is designed based on an efficient segmentation and pipelining strategy. The clock cycle count is reduced as result of the segmentation, whereas operating frequency and throughput are significantly increased due to the pipelining. An optimized pipelined architecture for modular division is also presented which is suitable for the design of ECC processor using projective coordinates. The Joye’s double and add (DAA) algorithm based on [Formula: see text]-only common [Formula: see text] (co-[Formula: see text]) coordinate is adopted at the system level for its regular and efficient behavior. The proposed ECC processor is flexible and can be implemented using any field programmable gate array (FPGA) family or standard cell libraries. The proposed ECC processor executes a single elliptic curve (EC) point multiplication (PM) operation in 0.47[Formula: see text]ms at a maximum frequency of 327[Formula: see text]MHz on Virtex-6 FPGA. The implementation results demonstrate that the proposed ECC processor outperforms the other contemporary designs reported in the literature in terms of speed and [Formula: see text] metrics.
SummaryThis workpresents a novel high‐speed redundant‐signed‐digit (RSD)‐based elliptic curve cryptographic (ECC) processor for arbitrary curves over a general prime field. The proposed ECC processor works for any value of the prime number and curve parameters. It is based on a new high speed Montgomery multiplier architecture which uses different parallel computation techniques at both circuit level and architectural level. At the circuit level, RSD and carry save techniques are adopted while pre‐computation logic is incorporated at the architectural level. As a result of these optimization strategies, the proposed Montgomery multiplier offers a significant reduction in computation time over the state‐of‐the‐art. At the system level, to further enhance the overall performance of the proposed ECC processor, Montgomery ladder algorithm with (X,Y)‐only common Z coordinate (co‐Z) arithmetic is adopted. The proposed ECC processor is synthesized and implemented on different Xilinx Virtex (V) FPGA families for field sizes of 256 to 521 bits. On V‐6 platform, it computes a single 256 to 521 bits scalar point multiplication operation in 0.65 to 2.6 ms which is up to 9 times speed‐up over the state‐of‐the‐art.
This study presents a novel multiple objects tracking (MOT) approach that models object's appearance based on K‐means, while introducing a new statistical measure for association of objects after occlusion. The proposed method is tested on several standard datasets dealing complex situations in both indoor and outdoor environments. The experimental results show that the proposed model successfully tracks multiple objects in the presence of occlusion with high accuracy. Moreover, the presented work has the capability to deal long term and complete occlusion without any prior training of the shape and motion model of the objects. Accuracy of the proposed method is comparable with that of the existing state‐of‐the‐art techniques as it successfully deals with all MOT cases in the standard datasets. Most importantly, the proposed method is cost effective in terms of memory and/or computation as compared with that of the existing state‐of‐the‐art techniques. These traits make the proposed system very useful for real‐time embedded video surveillance platforms especially those that have low memory/compute resources.
Relevance. Human health is essential to economic activity and social development. The rapid spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) all around the world can be particularly disastrous for low-income persons, which means that the pandemic poses a severe threat for developing countries. In Pakistan, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) were hit especially hard by the pandemic and lockdown restrictions. This research focuses on the economic challenges faced by Pakistan in combatting the impacts of the pandemic. Research objective.The purpose of the article is to identify the difficulties faced by SMEs as a result of the coronavirus infection Data and methods. The methodological approach presents an analysis of statistical data to show the main problems of the SME sector during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study used the data from the statistical report of the Ministry of Health of the Government of Pakistan (GOP), as well as the data from previous studies on the effects of COVID-19 pandemic. Results. The study identified problems for SMEs during COVID-19, such as the lack of capital and the lack of satisfactory business plans. Moreover, poverty is one of the most serious problems in Pakistan, which is why SMEs cannot afford prolonged isolation during the Covid-19 pandemic and individual entrepreneurs have to risk their lives for their families. The government of Pakistan has adapted steps to control the epidemic, however, so far there is no policy for small business investors. The authorities are still working on the policies for small business units. Conclusions. Although Pakistan has adopted many protective measures, the situation regarding measures to support SMEs still leaves much to be desired.The lack of state support contributes to the general economic crisis the country has faced due to the pandemic.
Technology has turned into a significant differentiator in the money and traditional recordkeeping systems for the financial industry. To depict two customers as potential investors, it is mandatory to give the complex innovation that they anticipate and urge to purchase. In any case, it is difficult to keep on top of and be a specialist in each of the new advancements that are accessible. By reappropriating IT administrations, monetary administrations firms can acquire prompt admittance to the most recent ability and direction. Financial systems, along with machine learning (ML) algorithms, are vital for critical concerns like secure financial transactions and automated trading. These are the key to the provision of financial decisions for investors and stakeholders for the firms which are working with the trade credit (TC) approach, in Small and Medium Industries (SMEs). Huge and very sensitive data is processed in a limited time. The trade credit is a reason for more financial gains. The impact of TC with predictive machine learning algorithms is the reason why intelligent and safe revenue generation is the main target of the proposed study. That is, the combination of financial data and technology (FinTech) domains is a potential reason for sales growth and ultimately more profit.
Recent studies have shown that existing elliptic curve-based cryptographic standards provide backdoors for manipulation and hence compromise the security. In this regard, two new elliptic curves known as Curve448 and Curve25519 are recently recommended by IETF for transport layer security future generations. Hence, cryptosystems built over these elliptic curves are expected to play a vital role in the near future for secure communications. A high-speed elliptic curve cryptographic processor (ECCP) for the Curve448 is proposed in this study. The area of the ECCP is optimised by performing different modular operations required for the elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman protocol through a unified architecture. The critical path delay of the proposed ECCP is optimised by adopting the redundant-signed-digit technique for arithmetic operations. The segmentation approach is introduced to reduce the required number of clock cycles for the ECCP. The proposed ECCP is developed using look-up-tables (LUTs) only, and hence it can be ported to any field-programmable gate array family or standard ASIC libraries. The authors' ECCP design offers higher speed without any significant area overhead to recent designs reported in the literature.
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