In developing countries, people think, not from their brains but stomach. Because of unemployment and destabilization of economy the only sure source of job satisfaction is pay and promotion. This study is an endeavor to determine the impact of pay and promotion on job satisfaction in higher education institutes of Pakistan. Non-probability random sampling technique and multiple regression analysis was applied and 200 questionnaires were distributed to collect the responses and 5-points Likert scale was used to measure the responses. Random selections were made once over a period from public and private universities of Punjab, Pakistan. Results replicate previously available data and precision based. Pay has significant influence on job satisfaction but the promotion has less influence and partially significant to the job satisfaction. Limitations and future directions are also discussed in this study.

Feedback orientation is an individual's overall receptivity to feedback

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship of horizontal violence, organizational cynicism and turnover intention in the nursing profession. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative approach was utilized and 870 questionnaires were distributed to collect data from nursing staff working in Punjab region of Pakistan by using non-probability multistage sampling technique. A total of 711 questionnaires were returned, out of which, 668 questionnaires were scrutinized. Additionally, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were applied to analyze the data. Findings The results revealed an insignificant mediating effect of organizational cynicism between the relationship of horizontal violence and turnover intention. Research limitations/implications The current study has adopted a multistage non-probability sampling technique to collect data because the management of hospitals restricted researcher access to personal information about the nurses. Therefore, at the first stage, the researcher used convenience sampling and at the second stage, the researcher utilized quota sampling to collect the data. Moreover, the findings of the current study are based on cross-sectional data because of the limited time and resources. Practical implications The current study fosters the ongoing debate in organizational studies related to cynicism, and it is noteworthy for the nursing managers to understand the significant factors which directly or indirectly affect the nursing attitude. Originality/value The current study explored the mediating role of organizational cynicism between horizontal violence and turnover intention to fill the research gap.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the mediating effect of organizational cynicism between the relationship of perception of ethical climate and turnover intention among nurses working in public sector hospitals. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative approach was utilized and 870 questionnaires were distributed to collect data from nursing staff working in Punjab region of Pakistan by using non-probability multistage sampling technique. A total of 711 questionnaires were returned out of which 668 questionnaires were scrutinized. Additionally, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were applied to analyze the data. Findings The results revealed a full mediating effect of organizational cynicism between the relationship of perception of ethical climate and turnover intention. Research limitations/implications The current study has adopted a multistage non-probability sampling technique to collect data because the management of hospitals restricted researcher access to personal information about the nurses. Therefore, at the first stage, the researcher used convenience sampling and at the second stage, the researcher utilized quota sampling to collect the data. Moreover, the findings of the current study are based on cross-sectional data because of the limited time and resources. Practical implications The current study fosters the ongoing debate in organizational studies related to cynicism and it is noteworthy for the nursing managers to understand the significant factors which directly or indirectly affect the nursing attitude. Originality/value The current study explored the mediating role of organizational cynicism between perception of ethical climate and turnover intention in nursing profession to fill the research gap.