Chilli is an important commercial crop and is consumed as spice as well as vegetable. Colletotrichum capsici is an important fungal pathogen causing anthracnose in chilli. The objective of the present study was to determine inhibitory activity against C. capsici of extracts of three foliose macrolichen species of the genus Parmotrema viz., P. tinctorum, P. grayanum and P. praesorediosum from Western Ghats of Karnataka, India. The antifungal effect was checked in terms of mycelial growth inhibition by Poisoned food technique. The spore suspension of C. capsici was inoculated on the centre of Potato dextrose agar plates (control and poisoned). The colony diameter of fungus in control and poisoned plates was recorded on 5 th day of incubation. The lichen extracts caused marked inhibition of test fungus as revealed by reduced colony diameter of test fungus in poisoned plates. Among lichens, P. tinctorum showed potent inhibitory activity and caused > 50 % of inhibition of test fungus. The lichens of the present study appeared promising as bio control agents against C. capsici.
Article InformationCow urine has got several applications in agriculture. It is shown to possess inhibitory activity against many phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria. Among various diseases of Chilli, anthracnose is the most important disease which results in drastic reduction in yield. The present study was conducted with an aim to determine antifungal efficacy of cow urine against Colletotrichum capsici isolated from anthracnose of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.). Poisoned food technique was employed to determine antifungal activity of different concentrations of cow urine (5, 10 and 15%). Cow urine was found to display concentration dependent inhibitory activity against fungal growth. An inhibition of >50% was observed at 5% concentration. In conclusion, the use of cow urine can be the costeffective and eco-friendly approach for controlling anthracnose in chilli.
Article InformationThe members of the genus Ramalina (Ramalinaceae) are fruticose lichens growing on various types of substrata. The present study was conducted with an aim of determining antimicrobial activity of Ramalina conduplicans Vain. The powdered lichen material was extracted sequentially using petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and ethanol. The solvent extracts were screened for antibacterial activity by Agar well diffusion assay against 15 bacteria which included reference strains and isolates from burn, dental caries and urinary tract infections. Poisoned food technique was performed to determine antifungal effect of solvent extracts against fungal isolates from anthracnose of chilli, foot rot of finger millet and mouldy grains of sorghum. Usnic acid, Salazinic acid and Sekikaic acid were detected in the lichen. The solvent extracts were shown to exhibit dose dependent inhibitory activity against test bacteria. Ethyl acetate extract inhibited reference bacterial strains to higher extent. Among solvent extracts, only ethanol extract inhibited all urinary tract bacteria. S. aureus isolates from burn were inhibited to higher extent when compared to S. mutans isolates from dental caries. The solvent extracts exhibited varied inhibitory activity against test fungi. Ethyl acetate extract inhibited Alternaria sp., Aspergillus flavus and Sclerotium rolfsii to higher extent while Colletotrichum capsici and Helminthosporium sp. were inhibited to higher extent by petroleum ether and ethanol extract respectively. The observed inhibitory potential of solvent extracts of R. conduplicans could be ascribed to the presence of secondary metabolites. The lichen can be used in the treatment of bacterial infections and to manage plant pathogenic fungi.
Article InformationThe present study was conducted with an aim of determining inhibitory effect of extracts from different parts of Polyalthia longifolia (leaf, ripe and unripe pericarp), Anaphalis lawii (leaf and flower), Gnidia glauca (leaf, bark and flower) against Colletotrichum capsici and urinary tract pathogens. The shade dried plant materials were extracted using methanol. Antifungal effect of extracts was evaluated against Colletotrichum capsici isolated from anthracnose of chilli by Poisoned food technique. Antibacterial activity of extracts was determined against five antibiotic resistant bacteria isolated from urinary tract infections by Agar well diffusion assay. The extracts caused marked inhibition of mycelial growth of C. capsici as indicated by reduced diameter of fungal colonies on poisoned plates. Extracts of P. longifolia inhibited C. capsici to higher extent followed by A. lawii and G. glauca. All extracts from selected plants inhibited test bacteria but to varied extent. Susceptibility was higher in case of Gram positive when compared to Gram negative bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were inhibited to higher extent among Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria respectively. Among plants, P. longifolia caused higher inhibition of test bacteria. The extracts from the selected plants can be considered as promising sources of bioactive agents which can be used to treat urinary tract infections caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria and to control anthracnose of chilli. Further studies are to be carried in order to isolate and characterize bioactive principles from extracts and to determine their inhibitory potential against C. capsici and uropathogens.
Article Information The present study was conducted with an aim of determining antimicrobial activity of Vitex negundo var. negundo (Vnvn) and Vitex negundo var. purpurascens (Vnvp).The powdered leaf materials of both varieties were extracted using methanol in soxhlet assembly. The content of total phenolics and flavonoids were estimated by Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and Aluminium chloride colorimetric estimation method respectively. Antibacterial activity of extracts was determined against five drug resistant urinary tract pathogens by agar well diffusion assay. Poisoned food technique was performed to determine antifungal effect of extracts. The extracts caused concentration dependent inhibition of urinary tract isolates. Marked antibacterial effect was shown by extract of Vnvp. Among bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were inhibited to high and least extent respectively by extracts. The extracts were effective in inhibiting test fungi as revealed by reduction in mycelial growth in plates poisoned with extracts. Here also, high inhibitory activity was observed in case of extract of Vnvp. Among fungi, Helminthosporium sp., Alternaria sp., and C. capsici displayed similar susceptibility to both extracts at concentration 1mg/ml. Aspergillus flavus was inhibited to least extent by extracts. Phytoconstituents viz., tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and glycosides were detected in extract of both Vnvn and Vnvp. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were high in extract of Vnvp. The extracts were effective against bacteria and fungi. The presence of high phenolic and flavonoid content could be ascribed to the marked inhibitory activities of the extract of Vnvp.
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