Regions derived from the maxillary and nasal prominences demonstrated the most DA. These results are important for medical practitioners for identifying the extent to which patients with UCLP deviate from the norm. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Gross morphology and morphometry of apparently normal tongues of forty antenatal and ten adult dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) of both sexes, procured from the Maiduguri Metropolitan abattoir, were studied. This was with the aim of documenting information on these aspects. The thirteen months dromedary gestation period was divided into four quarters for the purpose of the foetal tongue morphometric study, with ten foetuses per quarter. The prenatal and postnatal tongues were grossly observed to be flat apically and oval basally. They were highly flexible, like other ruminants' tongues, and relatively small to the overall sizes of the study animals. The highest lingual weight percentage of the body weight of 0.39% was attained at the second prenatal growth phase of the dromedary while the least, 0.16%, was attained in the adult. The foetal tongues showed levels of significant increases in sizes and weights throughout the prenatal growth phases. It was concluded that the dromedary tongue is similar to other ruminant tongues and most of the salient gross features, like gustatory and non-gustatory papillae, of the dromedary tongue were already obvious as early as the first prenatal growth phase (2 -3 months) and the remaining three periods were associated with size increases. In the prenatal dromedary tongues studied, the salient gross features of the tongue were fully evident right from the first quarter of gestation (first three months of prenatal life), but were relatively small in size. Likewise; the mean dimensions and the weights obtained in the present study, showed significant increments across the four-quarters gestation. This is not unrelated with the structural developments of the overall body size and weights.
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are highly effective for treatment of EGFR- or ALK-mutated lung cancer. Nevertheless, they are associated with several unique toxicities. Although the available US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved drug label can provide guidance for safety monitoring, its integration into clinical practice has not been previously described. We studied the conduct of safety monitoring activity (SMA) at a large academic institution. On the basis of FDA-approved drug labels, two drug-specific SMAs were identified for osimertinib, crizotinib, alectinib, or lorlatinib. Electronic medical records of patients initiated on these drugs from 2017 to 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. Each course of treatment was evaluated for the occurrence of SMAs and the corresponding adverse events. Analyses included 130 treatment courses from 111 unique patients. For each SMA evaluated, the prevalence of SMA conduct ranged from 10.0% to 84.6%. The most frequently conducted SMA was ECG for lorlatinib therapy and the least was creatine phosphokinase analysis for alectinib. We observed none of the assessed SMAs being conducted in 41 treatment courses (31.5%). EGFR inhibitor predicted a higher likelihood of both SMAs being conducted than ALK inhibitors ( P = .02). Serious, grade 3 or 4 adverse events were observed in 21 treatment courses (16.2%), including one grade 4 transaminitis related to alectinib. On the basis of our experience, the conduct of SMA was more challenging to implement for ALK inhibitor than for EGFR inhibitor. Clinicians should be vigilant and review the FDA-approved drug label before prescribing.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.