Periodontal disease is a chronic infectious disease associated with a variety of bacteria, which can cause damage to the periodontal support structure and affect a variety of systemic system diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, non-alcoholic fatty liver, and Alzheimer’s disease. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is the most important pathogenic bacteria for periodontal disease. It can produce outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and release them into the environment, playing an important role in its pathogenesis. This article focuses on P. gingivalis OMVs, reviews its production and regulation, virulence components, mode of action and related diseases, with a view to providing new ideas for the prevention and treatment of diseases related to P. gingivalis infections.
Recent epidemiological studies revealed a significant association between oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major pathogen of periodontal disease. As a keystone pathogen of periodontitis, P. gingivalis is known not only to damage local periodontal tissues, but also to evade the host immune system and eventually affect systemic health. However, its role in OSCC has yet to be defined. To explore the underlying effect of chronic P. gingivalis infection on OSCC and to identify relevant biomarkers as promising targets for therapy and prevention, we established a novel model by exposing human immortalized oral epithelial cells (HIOECs) to P. gingivalis at a low multiplicity of infection (MOI) for 5–23 weeks. The P. gingivalis infected HIOECs were monitored for tumor biological alteration by proliferation, wound healing, transwell invasion, and gelatin zymography assays. Microarray and proteomic analyses were performed on HIOECs infected with P. gingivalis for 15 weeks, and some selected data were validated by quantitative real-time PCR and (or) western blot on cells infected for 15 and 23 weeks. Persistent exposure to P. gingivalis caused cell morphological changes, increased proliferation ability with higher S phase fraction in the cell cycle, and promoted cell migratory and invasive properties. In combining results of bioinformatics analyses and validation assays, tumor-related genes such as NNMT, FLI1, GAS6, lncRNA CCAT1, PDCD1LG2, and CD274 may be considered as the key regulators in tumor-like transformation in response to long-time exposure of P. gingivalis. In addition, some useful clinical biomarkers and novel proteins were also presented. In conclusion, P. gingivalis could promote tumorigenic properties of HIOECs, indicating that chronic P. gingivalis infection may be considered as a potential risk factor for oral cancer. The key regulators detected from the present model might be used in monitoring the development of OSCC with chronic periodontal infection.
Bacterial infection influences genomic stability and integrity by causing DNA damage, which increases the possibility of tumor initiation and development. We aimed to investigate whether Fusobacterium nucleatum, one of the periodontal pathogens, promoted oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) by causing DNA doublestrand break (DSB). Tca8113 tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells were infected with F. nucleatum. The expression of gH2AX was detected by western blots and immunofluorescence. The proliferation and cell cycle alterations were tested by CCK8 and flow cytometry, respectively. The expression levels of Ku70, p53, and p27 were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blots. A plasmid was used for the overexpression of Ku70 to verify the possible relationship between Ku70 and p53. We confirmed the presence of DSBs in the response to F. nucleatum by detecting the expression of gH2AX. The cell proliferation ability was increased with an accelerated cell cycle while the expression of p27 was decreased. Meanwhile, the expression of Ku70 and wild p53 was downregulated. When Ku70 was overexpressed, the expression of wild p53 in response to F. nucleatum infection was upregulated and cell proliferation was accordingly inhibited. We concluded that F. nucleatum infection promoted the proliferation ability of Tca8113 by causing DNA damage via the Ku70/p53 pathway.
Fusobacterium nucleatum, an anaerobic oral opportunistic pathogen associated with periodontitis, has been considered to be associated with the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, the initial host molecular alterations induced by F. nucleatum infection which may promote predisposition to malignant transformation through epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) have not yet been clarified. In the present study, we monitored the ability of F. nucleatum to induce EMT‐associated features, and our results showed that F. nucleatum infection promoted cell migration in either noncancerous human immortalized oral epithelial cells (HIOECs) or the two OSCC cell lines SCC‐9 and HSC‐4, but did not accelerate cell proliferation or cell cycle progression. Mesenchymal markers, including N‐cadherin, Vimentin, and SNAI1, were upregulated, while E‐cadherin was decreased and was observed to translocate to the cytoplasm. Furthermore, FadA adhesin and heat‐inactivated F. nucleatum were found to cause a similar effect as the viable bacterial cells. The upregulated lncRNA MIR4435‐2HG identified by the high‐throughput sequencing was demonstrated to negatively regulate the expression of miR‐296‐5p, which was downregulated in F. nucleatum‐infected HIOECs and SCC‐9 cells. The binding of MIR4435‐2HG and miR‐296‐5p was validated via a dual‐luciferase reporter assay. Additionally, knockdown of MIR4435‐2HG with siRNA leads to a decrease in SNAI1 expression, while miR‐296‐5p could further negatively and indirectly regulate SNAI1 expression via Akt2. Therefore, our study demonstrated that F. nucleatum infection could trigger EMT via lncRNA MIR4435‐2HG/miR‐296‐5p/Akt2/SNAI1 signaling pathway, and EMT process may be a probable link between F. nucleatum infection and initiation of oral epithelial carcinomas.
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