Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) catalyzes the o-hydroxylation of monophenols and oxidation of o-diphenols to quinones. Although the effects of PPO on plant physiology were recently proposed, little has been done to explore the inherent molecular mechanisms. To explore the in vivo physiological functions of PPO, a model with decreased PPO expression and enzymatic activity was constructed on Clematis terniflora DC. using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology. Proteomics was performed to identify the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the model (VC) and empty vector-carrying plants (VV) untreated or exposed to high levels of UV-B and dark (HUV-B+D). Following integration, it was concluded that the DEPs mainly functioned in photosynthesis, glycolysis, and redox in the PPO silence plants. Mapman analysis showed that the DEPs were mainly involved in light reaction and Calvin cycle in photosynthesis. Further analysis illustrated that the expression level of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase, the content of chlorophyll, and the photosynthesis rate were increased in VC plants compared to VV plants pre- and post HUV-B+D. These results indicate that the silence of PPO elevated the plant photosynthesis by activating the glycolysis process, regulating Calvin cycle and providing ATP for energy metabolism. This study provides a prospective approach for increasing crop yield in agricultural production.
Highway bridges play a significant role in maintaining the safety and functionality of the society.The immediate damage of highway bridges caused by natural hazards can disrupt transportation systems, impede rescue and recovery activities. This disruption may result in tremendous financial and societal losses. Therefore, assessing the vulnerability, recovery capability, potential losses of bridges under natural hazards becomes a primary concern to decision-makers to facilitate the emergency response and recovery efforts. Under these concerns, resilience is a paramount performance indicator to evaluate and recover the functionality of structural systems under extreme events. In this paper, an integrated framework for long-term resilience and loss assessment of highway bridges under multiple independent natural hazards is presented. The impacts of extreme events such as earthquakes, hurricanes and floods on the life-cycle performance of bridges are illustrated. A stochastic renewal process model of the random occurrence of hazard events is used to compute the expected long-term resilience and damage loss by considering both timeindependent and time varying occurrence characteristics. The proposed approach is applied to a highway bridge, in which the impacts of earthquake and hurricane hazards are considered. This framework can be implemented to the design, maintenance, and retrofit optimization of infrastructure systems under multiple extreme events.
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