Moyamoya disease (MMD) and Moyamoya syndrome (MMS) are referring to a progressive steno-occlusive vasculopathy at terminal portions of the bilateral internal carotid arteries and their proximal branches with prominent collateral artery formation. They can be found throughout the world and cause irreversible damage to the cerebral hemodynamics due to the progressive nature. Prompt diagnosis and accurate assessment could significantly improve the prognosis of MMD and MMS. Some imaging modalities could be used for diagnosis and nonquantitative evaluation of MMD and MMS, such as conventional computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), digital subtraction angiography, CT angiography (CTA), and magnetic resonance angiography. Some could quantitatively evaluate the cerebral hemodynamics of MMD and MMS, such as single-photon emission CT, positron emission tomography, xenon-enhanced CT, perfusion CT, dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI, arterial spin labeling MRI, and the hemodynamic parameters measured by those imaging methods could guide treatment of MMD and MMS. All the imaging modalities have their merits and demerits, and they can play a part in certain situation. We need establish standardized protocols for preoperative and postoperative evaluation with different imaging techniques in the further science for MMD and MMS.

A study was conducted to investigate the circulation of HRSV subgroup B (HRSVB) in China in recent years. HRSVB sequences from 365 samples collected in 1991, 2004 and 2008–2014 in China, together with 332 Chinese HRSVB sequences obtained from GenBank were analyzed to determine the geographic and yearly distribution of HRSVB. Phylogenetic analysis revealed these HRSVB sequences clustered into 4 genotypes with different frequencies: BA (83%), CB1 (11%), SAB (3.0%) and GB3 (0.7%). Between 2005 and 2013, there was a co-circulation of BA and non-BA genotypes in China. Genotypes BA9 and BA10 were two of the main BA genotypes detected in this study. Genotype BA9 was first detected in China in 2006 and became the predominant HRSVB genotype circulating in China from 2008 to 2014. Three different lineages were detected for both genotypes BA9 and BA10. Time to the most recent common ancestor for genotypes BA9 and BA10 was estimated for years 1997 and 1996, respectively. Results of this study not only contribute to the understanding of the circulation pattern, but also the phylogenetic pattern and evolution of HRSVB in China from 1991 to 2014.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Simple-but-precise evaluation of cerebral perfusion is crucial for the treatment of Moyamoya disease. We aimed to develop a standardized scoring system for MR perfusion suitable for Moyamoya disease evaluation and investigate the postoperative serial changes and outcome predictors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2013 to December 2016, patients diagnosed with Moyamoya disease and receiving indirect revascularization were recruited prospectively. Clinical data and serial imaging studies were analyzed. The TTP maps were standardized using cerebellar reference values. We developed a scoring system of standardized TTP maps: 14 points for each hemisphere with higher points indicating better perfusion. RESULTS: In total, 24 children (4-17 years of age, 41 hemispheres) and 20 adults (18-51 years of age, 34 hemispheres) were included. The mean preoperative TTP scores were higher in children (7.34 Ϯ 3.90) than in adults (4.88 Ϯ 3.24). The standardized TTP maps revealed dynamic improvement with an increase in the corresponding scores at the 1-, 3-, and 6-month postoperative follow-ups; the scores stabilized after 6 months. The mean improvement in the 6-month scores of the pediatric and adult groups was 4.15 Ϯ 3.55 and 6.03 Ϯ 3.04, respectively. The 6-month TTP score improvements were associated with Matsushima grades. If we took score improvement as the outcome, the preoperative TTP score was the only significant predictor in multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The standardized TTP maps and scoring system facilitated the quantification of the sequential perfusion changes during Moyamoya disease treatment. The preoperative perfusion status was the only predictor of indirect revascularization outcome. ABBREVIATIONS: EDAS ϭ encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis; EPS ϭ encephalopericraniosynangiosis; MMD ϭ Moyamoya disease; MRP ϭ MR perfusion M oyamoya disease (MMD) is a progressive occlusive disease

Foodborne pathogen contamination is a major safety issue for many foods and is causing concern worldwide. In this study, a detection system based on magnetic separation, multiplex PCR (MPCR) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) technologies was developed for the simultaneous detection of four foodborne pathogens. Magnetic separation technology is used to rapidly capture pathogenic bacteria in food samples, and then a combination of MPCR and CE can be used to greatly increase detection sensitivity. The detection limit for bacterial DNA reached 10−5–10−7 ng μL−1 and in the analysis of mocked food samples, the assay showed good sensitivity for bacterial detection ranging from 101 to 105 CFU mL−1 with excellent specificity. Compared to similar detection methodologies, this technique avoids the need for time‐consuming enrichment cultures, is more sensitive, and can be used to assay simultaneously four foodborne pathogens.

Objective: This study aimed to identify the clinical features of Kawasaki disease shock syndrome (KDSS) in children.Methods: The case-control studies of KDSS and KD children up until April 30, 2021 were searched in multiple databases. The qualified research were retrieved by manually reviewing the references. Review Manager 5.3 software was used for statistical analysis.Results: The results showed that there was no significant difference in the incidence of male and female in children with KDSS. Children with KDSS compared with non-shocked KD, there were significant difference in age, duration of fever, white blood cell (WBC) count, percentage of neutrophils (NEUT%), platelet count (PLT), c-reactive protein level (CRP), alanine transaminase concentration (ALT), aspartate transaminase concentration (AST), albumin concentration (ALB), sodium concentration (Na), ejection fraction, and length of hospitalization as well as the incidence of coronary artery dilation, coronary artery aneurysm, left ventricular dysfunction, mitral regurgitation, pericardial effusion, initial diagnosis of KD, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) resistance and receiving second dose of IVIG, vasoactive drugs, hormones, and albumin. In contrast, there was no difference in the hemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the incidence of conjunctival injection, oropharyngeal change, polymorphous rash, extremity change, and incomplete KD.Conclusion: Current evidence suggested that the children with KDSS had more severe indicators of inflammation and more cardiac abnormalities. These patients were resistant to immunoglobulin treatment and required extra anti-inflammatory treatment.Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO registration number CRD42021241207.