[1] The winter water mass along the Yellow Sea Trough (YST), especially on the western side of the trough, is considerably warmer and saltier than the ambient shelf water mass. This observed tongue-shape hydrographic feature implies the existence of a winter along-trough and onshore current, often referred to as the Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC). However, the YSWC has not been confirmed by direct current measurements and therefore skepticism remains regarding its existence. Some studies suggest that the presence of the warm water could be due to frontal instability, eddies, or synoptic scale wind bursts. It is noted that in situ observations used in most previous studies were from the central and eastern sides of the YST even though it is known that the warm water core is more pronounced along the western side. Data from the western side have been scarce. Here we present a set of newly available Chinese observations, including some from a coordinated effort involving three Chinese vessels in the western YST during the 2006-2007 winter. The data show unambiguously the existence of the warm current on the western side of YST. Both the current and hydrography observations indicate a dominant barotropic structure of YSWC. The westward deviation of YSWC axis is particularly obvious to the south of 35°N and is clearly associated with an onshore movement of warm water. To the north of 35°N, the YSWC flows along the bathymetry with slightly downslope movement. We conclude that the barotropic current is mainly responsible for the warm water intrusion, while the Ekman and baroclinic currents play an important but secondary role. These observations help fill an observational gap and establish a more complete view of the YSWC.
Background: Emerging evidence suggests that miR-124 performs important biological functions in neural stem cells (NSCs); it regulates NSC behavior and promotes the differentiation of NSCs into neurons, but the exact molecular mechanism remains unknown. And also, the role of miR-124 during spinal cord injury regeneration is unclear. Materials and methods: In order to explore the function of miR-124 in neural differentiation, the molecular markers (Tuj1, Map2, and GFAP) correlated with the differentiation of NSCs were detected by immunofluorescence staining both in cultured mouse spinal cord progenitor cells (SC-NPCs) and in spinal cord injury (SCI) animal models. The migration ability and apoptosis of cultured SC-NPCs were also evaluated by Transwell migration assay and TUNEL assay. In addition, the relative expression of lnRNA Neat1-and Wnt/β-catenin signaling-related genes were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. Results: In this study, we revealed that lncRNA Neat1 is involved in regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling that is activated by miR-124 in SC-NPCs. LncRNA Neat1 was also found to play an important role in regulating neuronal differentiation, apoptosis, and migration of SC-NPCs. Furthermore, we demonstrated that overexpression of miR-124 resulted in elevated Neat1 expression, accompanied with the functional recovery of locomotion in a mouse model of spinal cord injury. Conclusions: Our results confirm the therapeutic effectiveness of miR-124 on the functional recovery of injured spinal cord, supporting the rationale and feasibility of miR-124 for spinal cord injury treatment in future clinical therapy. Furthermore, we concluded that the miR-124-Neat1-Wnt/β-catenin signaling axis is involved in regulating the cell function of SC-NPCs, and this may offer novel therapeutic avenues for future treatment of SCI.
BackgroundWorldwide, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine and metabolic disorder that affects women of reproductive age. Naringenin is a natural flavanone, derived from grapefruit. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of naringenin on the antioxidant and steroidogenic enzyme activity in a rat model of letrozole-induced PCOS.Material/MethodsThe induction of PCOS was undertaken by giving 28 female Sprague-Dawley rats a dose of letrozole (1 mg/kg) daily for 21 days. There were four treatment groups: Group I (n=7) received 1% of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC); Group II (n=7) received 1% CMC plus naringenin 20 mg/kg; Group III (n=7) received letrozole only; Group IV (n=7) received letrozole plus naringenin 20 mg/kg. Estradiol, testosterone, and steroidogenic enzyme activities, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity were determined in the four treatment groups, and histology was performed on the rat ovarian tissue. Serum glucose levels were measured with a glucometer.ResultsNaringenin treatment in a rat model of PCOS significantly increased the levels of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes CAT, SOD, and GPX (p<0.05), and prevented weight increase. Naringenin treatment resulted in a significant reduction in serum glucose levels (p<0.05), normalized estradiol and testosterone levels steroidogenic enzyme activity, and maintained the normal anatomy of the ovaries.ConclusionsNaringenin treatment, in a rat model of PCOS, demonstrated antioxidant and steroidogenic enzyme activity.
Abundant mesoscale eddies propagate to the east of Taiwan and affect the Kuroshio Current and its onshore intrusion northeast of Taiwan. But the dynamical process of how eddy activities modulate the Kuroshio intrusion is still unclear. In this study, in situ ocean velocity observations, drifter trajectories, tide gauge measurements, satellite sea surface height data, and assimilative Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) reanalysis outputs were used to analyze a cyclonic eddy‐induced large Kuroshio onshore intrusion during late autumn 2008. Along with nine anticyclonic eddy events and seven cyclonic eddy events extracted from long‐term HYCOM reanalysis outputs, the variability of the eddy‐induced intrusion was quantified. The impacts of the cyclonic eddy and the anticyclonic eddy were opposite. Under the impact of cyclonic (anticyclonic) eddy, the total onshore intrusion between 122°E and 124°E across the 200 m isobaths was decreased (increased) by 15.7% (7.3%), while the onshore intrusion west of 122.6°E and the northeastward current on the outer shelf were increased (decreased) by 30.6% (4.7%) and 31% (10.1%), respectively. The arrival of cyclonic (anticyclonic) eddy brought positive (negative) potential vorticity (PV) flux and modulated the local ocean vertical stratification, which weakened (enhanced) the cross‐slope PV gradient and the shelf slope constraint on the upper layer current and, therefore, favored (inhibited) the Kuroshio onshore intrusion.
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