Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) by introducing the Fenton-/Fenton-like reaction in an acidic and H 2 O 2 environment for toxic hydroxyl radical (•OH) generation, is a newly developed tumor-selective therapeutic. However, tumor acidosis, characterized by extracellular acidity (pH e ≈ 6.5) and intracellular alkalinity (pH i ≈ 7.2), undoubtedly confers a large chemical barrier for effective implementation of intracellular CDT and thus limits its functional activity and therapeutic efficacy. Here, the unique amorphous iron nanoparticles (AFeNPs) loaded with carbonic anhydrase IX inhibitor (CAI) are constructed to re-establish tumor acidosis with decreased pH i
and increased pH e via inhibiting the over-expressed CA IX in cancer cells by CAI for self-enhanced CDT. The suppression of CA IX leads to H + accumulation in cells that could accelerate the AFeNPs-based Fenton reaction to drastically exacerbate oxidative stress in cells and subsequently induce cell death; meanwhile, the inhibition of H + formation outside cells efficiently represses the potential of tumor invasion and metastasis owing to the insufficient acidic ions for degradation of tumor extracellular matrix. Re-establishedtumor acidosis not only assists in the optimization of CDT, but also presents an opportunity for the development of new antitumor methods that are more tumor-acidity specific.
Microchannels have great potential in intensification of gas-liquid-liquid reactions involving reacting gases, such as hydrogenation. This work uses CO 2 -octane-water system to model the hydrodynamics and mass transfer of such systems in a microchannel with double T-junctions. Segmented flows are generated with three inlet sequences and the size laws of dispersed phases are obtained. Three generation mechanisms of dispersed gas bubbles/water droplets are identified: squeezing by the oil phase, cutting by the droplet/bubble, cutting by the water-oil/gas-oil interface. Based on the gas dissolution rate, the mass transfer coefficients are calculated. It is found that water droplet can significantly enhance the transfer of CO 2 into the oil phase initially. When bubble-droplet cluster are formed downstream the microchannel, droplet will retard the mass transfer. Other characteristics such as phase hold-up, bubble velocity and bubble dissolution rate are also discussed. The information is beneficial for microreactor design when applying three-phase reactions.
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