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More than adequate or excessive iodine intake may lead to hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis.

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Intellectual and motor development of children at 25-30 months of age is separately associated with abnormalities of maternal thyroid at 16-20 weeks gestation. Maternal subclinical hypothyroidism, hypothyroxinaemia or euthyroidism with elevated TPOAb titres were all statistically significant predictors of lower motor and intellectual development at 25-30 months.

Nuclear factor E2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that functions as a master regulator of the cellular adaptive response to oxidative stress. Our previous studies showed that Nrf2 plays a critical role in adipogenesis by regulating expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β and peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ. To determine the role of Nrf2 in the development of obesity and associated metabolic disorders, the incidence of metabolic syndrome was assessed in whole-body or adipocyte-specific Nrf2-knockout mice on a leptin-deficient ob/ob background, a model with an extremely positive energy balance. On the ob/ob background, ablation of Nrf2, globally or specifically in adipocytes, led to reduced white adipose tissue (WAT) mass, but resulted in an even more severe metabolic syndrome with aggravated insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. Compared with wild-type mice, WAT of ob/ob mice expressed substantially higher levels of many genes related to antioxidant response, inflammation, adipogenesis, lipogenesis, glucose uptake, and lipid transport. Absence of Nrf2 in WAT resulted in reduced expression of most of these factors at mRNA or protein levels. Our findings support a novel role for Nrf2 in regulating adipose development and function, by which Nrf2 controls the capacity of WAT expansion and insulin sensitivity and maintains glucose and lipid homeostasis.

Subjects who were TPOAb and TgAb positive at baseline developed thyroid dysfunctions more frequently than seronegative subjects. High iodine intake was a risk factor for developing hypothyroidism in antibody-positive subjects. A constant exposure to excessive iodine intake increased the incidence of positive TgAb.

Abstract. To explore the relationship between serum thyrotropin and components of metabolic syndrome in a Chinese cohort. A total of 1534 adult inhabitants in DaDong district of Shenyang were asked to fulfill the questionnaire, complete physical examination and OGTT. Blood samples were collected to test thyrotropin (TSH), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), OGTT 2h PG, fasting insulin (FINS), triglyceride (TG) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Serum TSH in metabolic syndrome group was higher than that in the non-metabolic syndrome group (2.54 mIU/L vs. 2.22 mIU/L, p<0.05). TG level increased significantly in subclinical hypothyroid group compared with euthyroid subjects (1.73±0.12 mmol/L vs.1.47±0.03 mmol/L, p<0.05), and HDL-C decreased significantly in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism compared with euthyroid subjects (1.26±0.27 mmol/L vs. 1.33±0.27 mmol/L, p<0.05). The prevalence of hypertension was higher in the subclinical hypothyroid group than that in euthyroid group (42.86% vs. 33.2%, p<0.05). The serum TSH within the reference range was positively related with the prevalence of overweight/obesity. Slight increase in serum TSH maybe a risk factor for metabolic syndrome.

Context: Maternal thyroid disorders during early pregnancy can influence pregnancy outcome and fetal development. The recent Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline recommends a casefinding approach in which pregnant women who are at high risk for developing thyroid disease are tested. Objective: The purpose of this study was to use the first trimester-specific reference intervals of thyroidrelated hormones to explore the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction during early pregnancy and to analyze effectiveness of different screening strategies. Design: A multicenter cohort study. Method: A total of 2899 pregnant women were enrolled in this study during their first trimester of gestation. Levels of TSH, free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine, and thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) were measured and thyroid disorders of pregnant women were diagnosed based on the first trimester-specific reference intervals. Results: The prevalence of hypothyroidism was significantly higher in the high-risk group than in the non-high-risk group (10.9 vs 7.0%, c 2 Z7.1, PZ0.008). The prevalence of hyperthyroidism was not significantly different between the high-risk group and the non-high-risk group (2.7 vs 1.6%, c 2 Z2.27, PZ0.13). Elevated levels of TPOAb and a personal history of thyroid disease increased the risk of thyroid dysfunction. Conclusions: A case-finding strategy for screening thyroid function in the high-risk group would miss about 81.6% pregnant women with hypothyroidism and 80.4% pregnant women with hyperthyroidism.