SHPs include autonomous and nonautonomous systems according to the difference of self-healing behaviors. A nonautonomous system requires external triggers, like light, heat, pH, or chemical reagents, to achieve self-healing purposes, while the autonomous system initiates the self-healing process upon damage without any triggers or external stimuli (Figure 2). Additionally, according to the self-healing principles, the SHPs can be categorized into intrinsic and extrinsic SHPs.
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