This paper highlights some salient technical and economic features of the management of frequency and voltage ancillary services across various jurisdictions (the North American NERC, the continental European UCTE, Australia, Great Britain, the Netherlands, New Zealand, PJM, Spain and Sweden). Vocabulary used to designate active power reserves are first described and classified into a common framework. Policies related to selected technical features of ancillary services, as well as some particular aspects of the procurement methods are then compared.
Using a global cost-benefit analysis, this paper in vestigates the electric interconnection capacities necessary in 2025 for ten countries in Western Europe. In line with the Euro pean Climate and Energy Package, a high penetration of wind generation and a strong demand management are considered in this study. This paper shows that a 7-GW reinforcement in com parison to the business-as-usual interconnection scenario brings around 600 M€/year of net benefits. In fact, the increased trans mission investment costs are largely offset by reduced invest ments in generating units and lower variable generation costs.This study also shows that the revenues from congestions in Western Europe are reduced by 1 G€/year following the inter connection upgrade, which highlights the issue of appropriate incentives to develop the necessary cross-border transmission lines in Europe.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.