Some Salient Features of the Management of Frequency and Voltage Control Ancillary Services

Abstract

This paper highlights some salient technical and economic features of the management of frequency and voltage ancillary services across various jurisdictions (the North American NERC, the continental European UCTE, Australia, Great Britain, the Netherlands, New Zealand, PJM, Spain and Sweden). Vocabulary used to designate active power reserves are first described and classified into a common framework. Policies related to selected technical features of ancillary services, as well as some particular aspects of the procurement methods are then compared.

Performance requirements modeling and assessment for active power ancillary services

“…The performance requirements for ancillary service provision are usually based upon a pass/non-pass threshold of the generator parameters and response [18]. In order to establish service requirements that are independent of the type of unit providing them, the requirements must apply only to the performance of the response to the service activation.…”

“…Fig. 4 shows a simulation of primary regulation active power ramp x del for the time interval [−5, 35] s. The service delivery performance index and non-delivery verification index are η AS = 0.5295 and AS = 0.7131, calculated using (16) and (18). Identifying a threshold AS max would allow a service provider to anticipate its penalization or the contract termination AS > AS max .…”

Performance assessment of aggregation control services for demand response

“…Ancillary services are acquired by TSOs in order to ensure the stability of the system and they can generally be divided into primary, secondary and tertiary ancillary services [5]. Each class of ancillary services has a different purpose in grid operation and works on different time scales.…”

An overview of Greece's wholesale electricity market with emphasis on ancillary services

“…Such ambiguities appear even for terms that should be obvious and unambiguous, e.g., "spinning reserve" [16]. Recent surveys of specific markets help reduce this confusion by setting up a framework that can accommodate many definitions of ancillary services [9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Nevertheless, for the sake of clarity and completeness, we will next briefly define the ancillary services that are used in the Greek market.…”

“…Considering the wide profusion regarding ancillary services, our goal is to contribute to the growing literature on individual case studies and comparisons of different ancillary services markets worldwide [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. In addition, we survey the literature on the Greek electricity market [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33], with an emphasis on the procured ancillary services.…”