Circadian rhythms (CR) are a series of endogenous autonomous oscillators generated by the molecular circadian clock which acting on coordinating internal time with the external environment in a 24-h daily cycle. The circadian clock system is a major regulatory factor for nearly all physiological activities and its disorder has severe consequences on human health. CR disruption is a common issue in modern society, and researches about people with jet lag or shift works have revealed that CR disruption can cause cognitive impairment, psychiatric illness, metabolic syndrome, dysplasia, and cancer. In this review, we summarized the synchronizers and the synchronization methods used in experimental research, and introduced CR monitoring and detection methods. Moreover, we evaluated conventional CR databases, and analyzed experiments that characterized the underlying causes of CR disorder. Finally, we further discussed the latest developments in understanding of CR disruption, and how it may be relevant to health and disease. Briefly, this review aimed to synthesize previous studies to aid in future studies of CR and CR-related diseases.

Severe zinc dendrite growth is a formidable challenge for aqueous zinc-ion batteries during the repeated cycles because of the uneven distribution of electric fields on a post-stripping zinc anode. Herein,...

Bacteria identified in the oral cavity are highly complicated. They include approximately 1000 species with a diverse variety of commensal microbes that play crucial roles in the health status of individuals. Epidemiological studies related to molecular pathology have revealed that there is a close relationship between oral microbiota and tumor occurrence. Oral microbiota has attracted considerable attention for its role in in‐situ or distant tumor progression. Anaerobic oral bacteria with potential pathogenic abilities, especially Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis, are well studied and have close relationships with various types of carcinomas. Some aerobic bacteria such as Parvimonas are also linked to tumorigenesis. Moreover, human papillomavirus, oral fungi, and parasites are closely associated with oropharyngeal carcinoma. Microbial dysbiosis, colonization, and translocation of oral microbiota are necessary for implementation of carcinogenic functions. Various underlying mechanisms of oral microbiota‐induced carcinogenesis have been reported including excessive inflammatory reaction, immunosuppression of host, promotion of malignant transformation, antiapoptotic activity, and secretion of carcinogens. In this review, we have systemically described the impact of oral microbial abnormalities on carcinogenesis and the future directions in this field for bringing in new ideas for effective prevention of tumors.

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Objective: Chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification in mandibular condyle play crucial roles in maxillofacial morphogenesis and function. Circadian regulator brain and muscle arnt-like 1 (BMAL1) is proven to be essential for embryonic and postnatal development. The goal of this study was to define the functions of BMAL1 in the embryonic and postnatal growth of mandibular condylar cartilages (MCC). Materials and Methods:Micro-CT, TUNEL staining and EdU assay were performed using BMAL1-deficient mice model, and in vitro experiments were performed using rat chondrocytes isolated from MCC. RNA sequencing in mandibular condyle tissues from Bmal1 -/mice and the age-matched wild-type mice was used for transcriptional profiling at different postnatal stages. Results:The expression levels of BMAL1 decrease gradually in MCC. BMAL1 is proved to regulate sequential chondrocyte differentiation, and its deficiency can result in the impairment of endochondral ossification of MCC. RNA sequencing reveals hedgehog signalling pathway is the potential target of BMAL1. BMAL1 regulates hedgehog signalling and affects its downstream cascades through directly binding to the promoters of Ptch1 and Ihh, modulating targets of hedgehog signalling which is indispensable for endochondral ossification. Importantly, the short stature phenotypes caused by BMAL1 deficiency can be rescued by hedgehog signalling activator. Conclusions:Collectively, these results indicate that BMAL1 plays critical roles on chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification of MCC, giving a new insight on potential therapeutic strategies for facial dysmorphism. S U PP O RTI N G I N FO R M ATI O NAdditional supporting information may be found online in the Supporting Information section. How to cite this article: Yu S, Tang Q, Xie M, et al. Circadian BMAL1 regulates mandibular condyle development by hedgehog pathway. Cell Prolif. 2020;53:e12727. https ://doi.

Periodontitis, a bacterium-induced inflammatory disease that is characterized by alveolar bone loss, is highly prevalent worldwide. Elucidating the underlying mechanisms of alveolar bone loss in periodontitis is crucial for understanding its pathogenesis. Classically, bone cells, such as osteoclasts, osteoblasts and bone marrow stromal cells, are thought to dominate the development of bone destruction in periodontitis. Recently, osteocytes, the cells embedded in the mineral matrix, have gained attention. This review demonstrates the key contributing role of osteocytes in periodontitis, especially in alveolar bone loss. Osteocytes not only initiate physiological bone remodeling but also assist in inflammation-related changes in bone remodeling. The latest evidence suggests that osteocytes are involved in regulating bone anabolism and catabolism in the progression of periodontitis. The altered secretion of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), sclerostin and Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1) by osteocytes affects the balance of bone resorption and formation and promotes bone loss. In addition, the accumulation of prematurely senescent and apoptotic osteocytes observed in alveolar bone may exacerbate local destruction. Based on their communication with the bloodstream, it is noteworthy that osteocytes may participate in the interaction between local periodontitis lesions and systemic diseases. Overall, further investigations of osteocytes may provide vital insights that improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of periodontitis.