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BackgroundExposure to disasters in early life may induce lifetime health risk, but investigation on earthquake exposure and DM in later life is still limited. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the association between exposure to the Tangshan Earthquake in early life and diabetes mellitus (DM) incidence in adulthood, and explore the modification of lifestyles on DM development.MethodsParticipants who were free of DM at baseline from the Kailuan Study were included in this study. All participants were divided into fetal-exposed, infant-exposed, early childhood-exposed and nonexposed group. The effect of earthquake exposure on DM and modification of lifestyles were examined by multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazard model.ResultsThe exposed group had a higher risk of DM than nonexposed group, especially in infant-exposed and early childhood-exposed group, with hazard ratio (HR) of 1.62 [95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.21–2.17] and 1.46 (95% CI, 1.06–1.99), respectively. After stratifying by lifestyles, a significant modification was observed in alcohol consumption.ConclusionExposing to earthquake in early life could increase DM incidence in later life, and alcohol consumption might modify the effect of earthquake exposure on DM development. More attention should be paid on the preventions of DM among adults who exposed to earthquake in their early life.

Background Investigations on the potential effects of earthquake exposure in early life are limited. Furthermore, no study has explored specific earthquake exposure windows for early life. This study evaluated the associations between earthquake exposure in early life and the incidence of adulthood diabetes mellitus (DM) and explored critical specific earthquake exposure windows, using the Tangshan Earthquake in 1976 as a natural exposure.MethodsWe analyzed 7,568 participants born around the time of the Tangshan earthquake and free of diabetes at baseline within the Kailuan study based in Tangshan, Hebei, China. Participants born from 28 Jun 1974 to 04 May 1977 were divided into the exposed group, and participants born from 04 May 1977 to 04 May 1979 were divided into nonexposed group. The exposed group was further stratified to fetal, infant, and early childhood exposed group. Cox proportional hazards model was used to examine the association between earthquake exposure in early life and incident risk of DM in adulthood.ResultsDuring a median follow-up of 5.8 years, compared with nonexposed participants, the exposed participants had increased risk of DM, with multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence intervals [CI]) of 1.47 (1.19-1.82). Furthermore, the HRs of DM were 1.68 (1.30-2.19) and 1.44 (1.08-1.91) for infant exposed group and early childhood exposed group, respectively, compared with the nonexposed participants. A significant interaction has been detected between early life earthquake exposure and alcohol consumptions on DM developing in adulthood (P for interaction = 0.03).ConclusionsThe increased risk of DM in adulthood was associated with earthquake exposure in early life. Our findings suggest that infant and early childhood are critical time windows of DM development among earthquake survivors, therefore, preventions of metabolic diseases and risk factors deserve more attentions among adults who experienced disasters in their early lives.

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This study focuses on the components and levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives (MPAHs and OPAHs) in plasma samples from 19 oil workers, pre- and post-workshift, and their exposure–response relationship with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) methylation. PAH, MPAH, OPAH, and platelet mtDNA methylation levels were determined using a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and a pyrosequencing protocol, respectively. The total plasma concentrations of PAHs in mean value were, respectively, 31.4 ng/mL and 48.6 ng/mL in pre- and post-workshift, and Phe was the most abundant (13.3 ng/mL in pre-workshift and 22.1 ng/mL in post-workshift, mean value). The mean values of total concentrations of MPAHs and OPAHs in the pre-workshift were 2.7 ng/mL and 7.2 ng/mL, while in the post-workshift, they were 4.5 ng/mL and 8.7 ng/mL, respectively. The differences in the mean MT-COX1, MT-COX2, and MT-COX3 methylation levels between pre- and post-workshift were 2.36%, 5.34%, and 0.56%. Significant (p < 0.05) exposure–response relationships were found between PAHs and mtDNA methylation in the plasma of workers; exposure to Anthracene (Ant) could induce the up-regulation of the methylation of MT-COX1 (β = 0.831, SD = 0.105, p < 0.05), and exposure to Fluorene (Flo) and Phenanthrene (Phe) could induce the up-regulation of methylation of MT-COX3 (β = 0.115, SD = 0.042, p < 0.05 and β = 0.036, SD = 0.015, p < 0.05, respectively). The results indicated that exposure to PAHs was an independent factor influencing mtDNA methylation.