Fundamentación: la adolescencia es un período asociado al inicio y la progresión del consumo de alcohol. En esta etapa también son frecuentes las conductas impulsivas y la toma de decisiones (TD) riesgosas. Objetivo: evaluar el patrón de consumo de alcohol (PCA) de adolescentes masculinos y femeninos, sus distintos niveles de impulsividad y cómo afectan estas variables a la toma de decisiones. Metodología: Mediante un análisis de clases latentes se determinaron diferentes PCA de 230 adolescentes de 14 a 17 años. Diseño: se utilizó un diseño ex post facto prospectivo factorial con los factores Urgencia Positiva (Baja/Alta), PCA (Moderado/Binge) y Sexo (Femenino/Masculino). Se evaluó la TD en los 78 participantes que integraron los grupos del estudio. Resultados: los consumidores varones binge, en comparación con los moderados, mostraron un mejor desempeño, pero su rendimiento disminuyó al final de la prueba. Dentro del grupo de los participantes con baja urgencia positiva, aquellos con un patrón de consumo tipo binge, realizaron TD más ventajosas. Conclusiones: El PCA y la impulsividad rasgo parecen influir sobre la TD de los adolescentes.
In this research we analyzed the psychometric properties of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) in samples coming from four independent studies: university students (Study 1, n = 392; Study 2, n = 395), general adult population (Study 3, n = 316), and athletes (Study 4, n = 533). Through confirmatory analyses we evaluated the following models: (a) two-factor model (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988), (b) three-factor model by Mehrabian (1997), (c) three-factor model by Gaudreau, Sánchez and Blondin (2006) and (d) bi-factor model (Leue & Beauducel, 2011), all of them in their oblique and orthogonal variants. Several models presented an acceptable fit, but only after allowing correlated errors and excluding the items alert and excited. While orthogonal solutions of the three models showed the best fit in Studies 2, 3 and 4, oblique solutions presented the best fit in Study 1. Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability and omega indexes oscillated between .55 and .89. Considering the original theoretical model and the practical utility of the PANAS, we favor the model of two orthogonal factors, excluding the aforementioned items.
RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la validez convergente y discriminante entre tests de impulsividad, funcionamiento ejecutivo, toma de decisiones (TD) con y sin componente emocional y de TD centrado en el agente. Mediante un diseño instrumental, se evaluaron 217 participantes (64,5% mujeres) entre 18 y 30 años de edad (M=23,22, ±2,44). El Análisis de Componentes Principales mostró 4 componentes que explicaron el 83,88% de la varianza y agruparon los tests de acuerdo a lo esperado. Además, el estudio de las correlaciones mostró que los tests de TD verídica fueron levemente correlacionados, sugiriendo convergencia parcial entre ellas. No se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre los tests de TD verídica y los tests de TD centrados en el agente, función ejecutiva e impulsividad. Los resultados coincidieron con las expectativas y con los estudios previos sobre el tema. Palabras clave: Toma de Decisiones; Impulsividad; Funcionamiento Ejecutivo; Validez del test, Análisis de Componentes Principales. RESUMO-Avaliação da Validade Convergente e Discriminante em Testes Computadorizados da Tomada de Decisões O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a validade convergente e discriminante entre testes de impulsividade, de funcionamento executivo, de tomada de decisão (TD) com e sem componente emocional e de TD focada no agente. Através de um desenho Instrumental, foram avaliados 217 participantes (64,5% mulheres) entre 18 e 30 anos (M=23,22 ± 2,44). A Análise de Componentes Principais mostrou quatro componentes que explicaram 83,88% de variância e agrupo os testes como foi esperado. Além disso, o estudo das correlações mostra que os testes da TD verdadeira foram fracamente correlacionados, sugerindo convergência parcial entre elas. Não foram encontradas correlações significativas entre os testes da TD verdadeira e os testes da TD com foco no agente, função executiva e impulsividade. Os resultados coincidem com as expectativas e com estudos prévios sobre o assunto. Palavras-chave: Tomada de Decisão; Impulsividade; Funcionamento Executivo; Validade do teste; Análise de Componentes Principais. ABSTRACT-Assessment of convergent and discriminant validity in computerized decision-making tests The objective of this study was to analyze the convergent and discriminant validity between impulsivity, executive functioning, and decision-making (DM) tests with and without emotional component and and agent centered DM. Through an Instrumental design, 217 participants were evaluated, 64.5% women, between 18 and 30 years of age (M=23.22 ± 2.44). The Principal Component Analysis showed four components that explained 83.88% of variance and grouped the tests as expected. In addition, the correlation study shows that the true DM tests were poorly correlated, suggesting partial convergence between them. No significant correlations were found between true DM testing and DM testing with agent focus, executive function and impulsivity. The results coincide with expectations and previous studies on the subject.
Este trabajo examinó conductas de consumo de alcohol y marihuana en adultos emergentes universitarios y no universitarios. Además, se examinó la relación entre factores de vulnerabilidad (i.e., impulsividad, percepción del riesgo y normas sociales prescriptivas y descriptivas) y el consumo de alcohol y marihuana en ambas sub-poblaciones de adultos emergentes. Una muestra de 394 participantes (70.8 % universitarios, 72.8 % mujeres) completó una encuesta online. Los resultados destacan la ubicuidad del consumo de alcohol y marihuana; ambos estadísticamente similares entre estudiantes y no estudiantes. Aunque impulsividad y las normas sociales ejercieron una influencia significativa sobre las conductas de consumo de alcohol y marihuana, estas relaciones fueron más consistentes entre universitarios que entre no universitarios. La información de este estudio sugiere que el diseño de estrategias de prevención e intervención debe atender a las particularidades de estudiantes y no estudiantes y a las de la sustancia bajo análisis o intervención.
Introduction: Film clips are the most used stimuli to induce diff erent emotional states. Objective: Identify, select, and evaluate a set of fi lm clips according to dimensionality and discreteness of emotions. Film experts suggested 437 fragments, but only 70 met the criteria to be included in the LATEMO-E fi lm-clip database. Study 1: The 70 fi lm clips were tested for their ability to induce disgust, anger, fear, sadness, amusement, tenderness, and neutral (n = 147 participants; mean age = 20.64 years, SD ±2.21 years). Results: A total of 28 fi lm clips presented adequate scores on intensity and discreteness. Study 2: A total of 28 selected fi lm clips were assessed again in a new sample of 106 participants (mean age = 20.96 years, SD ±2.45 years). Results: Anger and amusement fi lm clips were the most extreme in the valence and activation dimensions. Anger and fear fi lm clips were the most extreme categories in the intensity, certainty, and control dimensions. Conclusions: These stimuli were useful for inducing emotional states that can be judged from both the dimensional perspective of emotions and the basic emotions perspective. Evoked emotions could be diff erentiated according to cognitive patterns of evaluation that guide behavior in response to emotional stimulation.
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