This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Abstract: High purity ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) culture containing a single AOA strain was enriched from the filtering materials of biological aerated filter. The concentration of AOA reached 3.27×10 7 copies/mL, while its proportion was 91.40%. The AOA amoA gene sequence belonged to Nitrososphaera cluster. Ammonia concentration significantly influenced the growth of AOA in culture, while total organic carbon (TOC) concentration had no obvious effect. The optimum ammonia concentration, temperature, pH and DO concentration for growth of AOA were 1 mM, 30 ˚C, 7.5 and 2.65 mg/L, respectively. Under the optimum growth conditions, the AOA abundance and ammonia oxidation rate were 3.53×10 7 copies/mL and 2.54×10 -10 mg/(copies·d).

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Background: Few studies focus on incidence trends in vulvar and vaginal by histological type, race, age, and region. We aimed to evaluate the temporal incidence trends and survival for the two cancers.Methods: Cases with primary vulvar or vaginal carcinoma from 2000-2016 were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 18 registries. Annual percent change (APC) and average APC (AAPC) were calculated to evaluated trends. Relative survival was estimated to compare survival outcomes.Results: Vulvar cancer incidence rates were highest among non-Hispanic whites (20.9 per 1,000,000 person-years) and in the Midwest (27.7), while vaginal cancer rates were highest among non-Hispanic blacks (8.2) and in the South (6.7). Overall, vulvar cancer rate increased 0.4% annually (AAPC, 0.4%; 95% CI, 0.1% to 0.6%), but vaginal cancer rate decreased 1.4% annually (AAPC, -1.4%; 95% CI, -2.0% to -0.5%). The increased vulvar cancer rate was only observed for squamous cell carcinoma (APC, 1.0%), while the decreased vaginal cancer rate was only observed for other malignancies (APC, -1.7%). Vulvar cancer rates increased only among whites (APC, 1.2%), but vaginal cancer rates decreased only among whites (AAPC, -1.3%) and Asians (APC, -2.7%). Vulvar cancer rates increased among patients aged 50-59 (APC, 1.1%), 60-69 (APC, 1.3%), and 70-79 (APC, 1.2%) years, while vaginal cancer rates decreased among patients aged 50-59 (APC, -1.4%) and 80 (APC, -1.4%) years or older. Overall, whites had the highest five-year relative survival for both vulvar (72.22%) and vaginal (49.03%) cancers. Conclusion: There were profound disparities in vulvar and vaginal cancer incidence rates attributable to histological type, race, age, and region. The increased vulvar cancer rates and the declined vaginal cancer rate highlights the importance of further studies to investigate the reason for the disparities.

With the introduction of the national policy to encourage childbearing, the proportion of families with multiple children has been increasing. It is meaningful to explore whether in multiple children families the age gap between kids affects the childrens academic behaviour. This study aims to explore whether the age gap between the eldest child and the second-born child has an impact on the academic self-efficacy of the eldest child, and if the parental involvement works as a mediating role in this process. A questionnaire survey was used to survey 627 students across the country. The results of the study are: Parental involvement was significantly correlated with academic self-efficacy, and there were significant gender differences in parental involvement, with boys' parents having more involvement. The age gap between the eldest child and the second child was negatively correlated with the academic self-efficacy of the eldest child, and the correlation was significant. Age gap influences the eldest childs academic self-efficacy through parental involvement, and the mediating effect accounts for 59.53% of the total effect.

Background: Bronchopneumonia is a disease with a high death rate for children in developing countries. It not only affects the healthy growth of children, but also puts economic pressure and additional burdens on their families and society. Social development and advancement may change the factors influencing the hospitalization costs. This study aimed to explore reasonable cost control approaches by analyzing the factors related to unreasonable increases in medical costs, so as to standardize the diagnosis and treatment behaviors and determine management methods for scientific medical costs. Methods: Using the decision tree analysis method combined with the characteristic variables of inpatients, data mining and analysis were performed on the assortment of charges for15,980infantile bronchopneumonia inpatients in a northern hospital of China during January 2013 to December 2017. Results: The medical costs of infantile bronchopneumonia inpatients tended to decrease year by year. Various factors influencing the hospitalization costs were sequenced in order of decreasing importance: salvage, complications, admission condition, discharge condition, hospital stay, age and medical payment mode. The hospitalization cost of 623(78.5%) patients with salvage during hospitalization was >RMB 10,000. Hospitalization cost of