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Gomphus purpuraceus (Iwade) Yokoyama is a species of wild fungi that grows in southwest China, considered an edible and medicinal fungus with potential commercial prospects. However, the detailed mechanisms related to the development of mycelium and the formation of the fruiting body are unclear. To obtain a comprehensive overview of genetic features, whole-genome and comparative genomics analyses of G. purpuraceus were performed. High-quality DNA was extracted from the mycelium, which was isolated from a fresh fruiting body of G. purpuraceus. The DNA sample was subjected to sequencing using Illumina and Oxford Nanopore sequencing platforms. A genome assembly totaling 40.15 Mb in 50 contigs with an N50 length of 2.06 Mb was generated, and 8705 putative predicted genes were found. Subsequently, phylogenetic analysis revealed a close evolutionary relationship between G. purpuraceus and Gomphus bonarii. Moreover, a total of 403 carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) were identified in G. purpuraceus, which included 147 glycoside hydrolases (GHs), 85 glycosyl transferases (GTs), 8 polysaccharide lyases (PLs), 76 carbohydrate esterases (CEs), 57 auxiliary activities (AAs) and 30 carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs). Compared with the other 13 fungi (Laccaria bicolor, Russula virescens, Boletus edulis, etc.), the number and distribution of CAZymes in G. purpuraceus were similar to other mycorrhizal fungi. Furthermore, the optimization of culture medium for G. purpuraceus showed the efficient utilization of disaccharides such as sucrose and maltose. The genome of G. purpuraceus provides new insights into its niche, food applications and potential artificial domestication.

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A wild edible Gomphus species was discovered at local wild mushroom markets from May to November in Southwest China, where it was eaten for hundreds of years. However, litter information on the taxonomy is available. Whether Gomphus is a saprotrophic, parasitic, or ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungus is unclear. In the present study, field investigation, fungi isolation, optimum medium, morphological description, molecular analyses, and preliminary exploration on mycorrhizal synthesis were carried out. The morphological and molecular analyses showed that the same species between Gomphus matijun and Gomphus sp. (zituoluo) might be the related species of Gomphus purpuraceus. Moreover, the root dry weight and first-lateral root number of inoculated seedlings were significantly enhanced by evaluating Pinus massoniana seedlings inoculated with G. matijun. Meanwhile, the levels of nine phytohormones, including five new phytohormones, in the roots of inoculated seedlings were upregulated. This study explored the mycorrhizal synthesis of the wild edible Gomphus species from Southwest China with P. massoniana Lamb. We concluded that G. matijun might be an ECM fungus. The mycorrhizal synthesis of G. matijun under pure culture conditions provided the basis for the next inoculation under controlled soil conditions, making the conservation and cultivation of G. matijun feasible in the future.

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