Hofstede’s cultural value framework has inspired many empirical studies in various fields. Scholars have advanced our understanding of how the Hofstede value model is used. However, there remain a number of underexplored areas regarding the ways in which Hofstede’s framework has been used over the last decade. Drawing on the co-authorship network and cultural diversity literature, we attempt to make a contribution that goes beyond the existing research by addressing underexplored areas, namely, the network diversity of institutions, authors, and countries engaged in Hofstede-inspired research. As a result, the cultural diversity and diversity of specialization of the networks of institutions, authors, and countries engaged in research incorporating the Hofstede framework are still too Western-based and psychology-oriented to acquire new research directions and increase innovation opportunities in new fields. We summarize the possible limitations of this study and provide some future research directions, including how to expand networks, the influence of author identity on networks, the appropriate number of authors and the diversity level of participants in a network, and the main motivations of author co-authorship networks.

New ventures play an important role in promoting regional economic growth, employment and innovative development. In China, the new business model centered on the sharing economy has grown rapidly in a short time, especially with regard to car-sharing, which has become one of the new governmental strategies to promote economic development in China. New car-sharing ventures have been recognized as the leading sector in sustainable development for the circular economy and resource reuse. This paper explores the regional determinants of new firm formation in the nascent car-sharing industry in China. We used panel data from 449 car-sharing new ventures established in 257 cities in China from 2011 to 2019 to conduct an empirical analysis. The findings show that the urbanization economy, human capital and venture capital in the region have a positive impact on the establishment of new ventures. At the same time, the regional population density, localization economy, innovation capacity and competitive environment have no significant relationships with the establishment of new car-sharing firms. This paper provides insights for startups entering the field of car-sharing and a theoretical basis for the subsequent research on startups in the sharing economy industry.

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PurposeBike-sharing is popular worldwide, and it has led to a new development direction in green transportation. However, the collapse of many bike-sharing startups and residual social problems has brought about contradictions and challenges to the development of the industry. The purpose of this paper is to determine how internal factors affect the survival of bike-sharing startups.Design/methodology/approachThe authors used binary logit regression as the measurement model to conduct an empirical analysis based on 137 bike-sharing startups in China. The study focuses on using traditional theoretical evidence and considers the uniqueness of the industry to jointly explore the survival factors that influence the emerging business model of bike-sharing.FindingsThe results show that entrepreneurial team size and differentiation strategy positively influence survival. Founder-CEOs have a negative impact on survival. Founders' entrepreneurial experience and venture capital have no significant influence on survival.Originality/valueThe results verify the role of traditional survival factors in the new business model of sharing economy and fill the research gap on the survival strategy of startups. This study offers a unique perspective for researchers to better understand the sharing economy industry and provides practical guidance for entrepreneurs and investors to enter the market.

British and American literature is deeply influenced by Christian culture. Writers often quote the characters, language, and allusions in the Bible to enrich their content and deepen the theme. British and American literary works contain not only that, but also strong Christian ideas, such as: benevolence and forgiveness, sin and redemption. This paper introduces Christian culture, analyzes the relationship between Christianity and literature, and further demonstrates the far-reaching influence of Christian culture on English and American literature from the biblical quotations in British and American literature and Christian thoughts in English and American literature.