Viral infection triggers activation of transcription factors such as NF-kappaB and IRF3, which collaborate to induce type I interferons (IFNs) and elicit innate antiviral response. Here, we identified MITA as a critical mediator of virus-triggered type I IFN signaling by expression cloning. Overexpression of MITA activated IRF3, whereas knockdown of MITA inhibited virus-triggered activation of IRF3, expression of type I IFNs, and cellular antiviral response. MITA was found to localize to the outer membrane of mitochondria and to be associated with VISA, a mitochondrial protein that acts as an adaptor in virus-triggered signaling. MITA also interacted with IRF3 and recruited the kinase TBK1 to the VISA-associated complex. MITA was phosphorylated by TBK1, which is required for MITA-mediated activation of IRF3. Our results suggest that MITA is a critical mediator of virus-triggered IRF3 activation and IFN expression and further demonstrate the importance of certain mitochondrial proteins in innate antiviral immunity.

CH(2)OH-terminated regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) was chemically grafted onto carboxylic groups of graphene oxide (GO) via esterification reaction. The resultant P3HT-grafted GO sheets (G-P3HT) are soluble in common organic solvents, facilitating the structure/property characterization and the device fabrication by solution processing. The covalent linkage and the strong electronic interaction between the P3HT and graphene moieties in G-P3HT were confirmed by spectroscopic analyses and electrochemical measurements. A bilayer photovoltaic device based on the solution-cast G-P3HT/C(60) heterostructures showed a 200% increase of the power conversion efficiency (η = 0.61%) with respect to the P3HT/C(60) counterpart under AM 1.5 illumination (100 mW/cm(2)).

Sulfur-doped porous carbons hybridized with graphene (SPC@G) have been synthesized via a simple ionothermal method. The obtained SPC@G nanocomposite exhibits both high capacity and excellent rate performance, making it a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries.

A new and easily regenerable NAD(P)H model 9,10-dihydrophenanthridine (DHPD) has been designed for biomimetic asymmetric hydrogenation of imines and aromatic compounds. This reaction features the use of hydrogen gas as terminal reductant for the regeneration of the DHPD under the mild condition. Therefore, the substrate scope is not limited in benzoxazinones; the biomimetic asymmetric hydrogenation of benzoxazines, quinoxalines, and quinolines also gives excellent activities and enantioselectivities. Meanwhile, an unexpected reversal of enantioselectivity was observed between the reactions promoted by the different NAD(P)H models, which is ascribed to the different hydride transfer pathway. ■ INTRODUCTIONAs a couple of the most important coenzymes found in living cells, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) play great roles in reduction−oxidation (redox) metabolism. 1 Therefore, NAD(P)H mimics have become one of the most significant fields in biomimetic chemistry over the past few decades (Figure 1). Despite that much progress has been achieved, most of the current research focuses on the hydride transfer ability and selectivity in redox reactions rather than the renewable capability of NAD(P)H models. 2As one of the simplest NAD(P)H models, Hantzsch esters (HEH) 3 have been widely and successfully used as reductant in the enantioselective transfer hydrogenation of unsaturated bonds (CC, CN, and CO) using organocatalysts 4,5 and metal catalysts (Figure 1). 6 Recently, we reported an efficient method for in situ regeneration of HEH from Hantzsch pyridine under hydrogen gas in biomimetic asymmetric hydrogenation (Scheme 1). 7a Although excellent enantioselectivities were obtained, the regeneration condition of HEH was harsh, and the substrate scope was limited to benzoxazinones which underwent no background reaction. Developing a milder biomimetic asymmetric hydrogenation is of great interest in the field of NAD(P)H mimics and good for extending the substrate generality. Based on our previous work on asymmetric hydrogenation, 8 we envisioned that looking for a new and easily regenerable NAD(P)H model is probably a good choice.To the best of our knowledge, the dihydropyridine amido group is the key structure in NAD(P)H models and plays an important part in the hydride transfer process. Therefore, most of the currently successful NAD(P)H models, such as HEH 3 and 1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH), 9 contain a dihydropyridine skeleton. Based on the design of NAD(P)H models, the search of NAD(P)H models that can be used in the

Ag recognition and Ab production in B cells are major components of the humoral immune response. In the current study, we found that the core fucosylation catalyzed by α1,6-fucosyltransferase (Fut8) was required for the Ag recognition of BCR and the subsequent signal transduction. Moreover, compared with the 3-83 B cells, the coalescing of lipid rafts and Ag-BCR endocytosis were substantially reduced in Fut8-knockdown (3-83-KD) cells with p31 stimulation and then completely restored by reintroduction of the Fut8 gene to the 3-83-KD cells. Indeed, Fut8-null (Fut8−/−) mice evoked a low immune response following OVA immunization. Also, the frequency of IgG-producing cells was significantly reduced in the Fut8−/− spleen following OVA immunization. Our results clearly suggest an unexpected mode of BCR function, in which the core fucosylation of IgG-BCR mediates Ag recognition and, concomitantly, cell signal transduction via BCR and Ab production.

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Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) is a promising photocatalyst for solar H 2 generation, but the practical application of g-C 3 N 4 is still limited by the low separation efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers. Herein, we report the construction of ternary g-C 3 N 4 /graphene/MoS 2 two-dimensional nanojunction photocatalysts for enhanced visible light photocatalytic H 2 production from water. As demonstrated by photoluminescence and transient photocurrent studies, the intimate two-dimensional nanojuction can efficiently accelerate the charge transfer, resulting in the high photocatalytic activity. The g-C 3 N 4 /graphene/MoS 2 composite with 0.5% graphene and 1.2% MoS 2 achieves a high H 2 evolution rate of 317 μmol h −1 g −1 , and the apparent quantum yield reaches 3.4% at 420 nm. More importantly, the ternary g-C 3 N 4 /graphene/MoS 2 two-dimensional nanojunction photocatalyst exhibits much higher photocatalytic activity than the optimized Pt-loaded g-C 3 N 4 photocatalyst.