Soluble P3HT-Grafted Graphene for Efficient Bilayer−Heterojunction Photovoltaic Devices

Yu, Dingshan; Yang, Yan; Durstock, Michael F.; Baek, Jong‐Beom; Dai, Liming

doi:10.1021/nn101671t

Cited by 451 publications

(313 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…In cases of covalent modifications, polymer chains are stably grafted to graphene sheets and surround them to prevent their aggregation caused by p-stacking. Two main approaches have been developed to covalently modify graphene materials with polymers: ''graft to'' 85 and ''graft from.'' 82 ''Graft to'' is chemically connecting polymer chains to the surfaces of CCG or GO sheets.…”

Section: Covalent Modificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Graphene/polymer composites for energy applications

Sun

Shi

2012

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

236

120

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Graphene has wide potential applications in energyrelated systems, mainly because of its unique atom-thick twodimensional structure, high electrical or thermal conductivity, optical transparency, great mechanical strength, inherent flexibility, and huge specific surface area. For this purpose, graphene materials are frequently blended with polymers to form composites, especially when fabricating flexible devices. Graphene/polymer composites have been explored as electrodes of supercapacitors or lithium ion batteries, counter electrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells, transparent conducting electrodes and active layers of organic solar cells, catalytic electrodes, and polymer electrolyte membranes of fuel cells. In this review, we summarize the recent advances on the synthesis and applications of graphene/polymer composites for energy applications. The challenges and prospects in this field have also been discussed. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 231-253 KEYWORDS: composites; energy; fuel cell; graphene; lithium ion battery; redox polymers; solar cell; supercapacitor; synthesis INTRODUCTION Energy is one of the most important recent topics of concern to human society. To replace conventional fossil fuels, clean and renewable energies based on sunlight, wind, new chemicals, and biofuels are urgently demanded. Therefore, materials that can directly convert or store renewable energies are being extensively studied. Among them, graphene has recently attracted a great deal of attention because of its unique atom-thick two-dimensional (2D) structure 1,2 and excellent electrical, 2 thermal, 3 optical, and mechanical properties. 4,5 Graphene is a promising material for applications in various energy-related systems such as supercapacitors, 6-9 secondary batteries, 10-14 solar cells, 15-17 and fuel cells. [18][19][20] For this purpose, graphene materials are frequently blended with polymers to form functional composites. [21][22][23] The polymer component can improve the processability and/or flexibility of graphene materials, and also possibly provide them with new functions. To date, various graphene composites with insulating or conducting polymers (CPs) have been prepared through noncovalent 22 or covalent approaches. 24 They have also been applied as electrodes for supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries (LIBs), 25-29 counter electrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), 15,30,31 and transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) 32,33 or active layers of organic solar cells, 34 catalytic electrodes, and polymer electrolyte membranes of fuel cells. [35][36][37] This review focuses on summarizing the recent advances in the synthesis of graphene/polymer composites and their energy applications.

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Section: Covalent Modificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this case, the functional groups of polymer chains react with those of graphene sheets to form chemical connects. For example, the carboxylic groups of GO can react with hydroxyl or amine groups of a polymer via esterification 85 or amidation reactions 86,87 to form graphene/polymer composites.…”

Section: Covalent Modificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene/polymer composites for energy applications

Sun

Shi

2012

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

236

120

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“…Covalently connected P3HT ÀGO was also used in device active layers in attempts to facilitate electronic communication between the two materials. 125 P3HT-functionalized GO prepared by the reaction of hydroxylterminated P3HT with acid chloride functionalized GO revealed faster fluorescence decay of the P3HT exciton (380 ps) compared with simple blends of the two materials (476 ps), as determined by time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. Moreover, cyclic voltammetry showed a decrease in the P3HT HOMO level by 0.1 eV, and narrowing of the bandgap by 0.7 eV, upon covalent attachment to GO.…”

Section: Nanoscale Assembly T Emrick and E Pentzermentioning

confidence: 91%

Nanoscale assembly into extended and continuous structures and hybrid materials

Emrick

Pentzer

2013

NPG Asia Mater

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Harnessing synthetic power to create novel materials with unique assembly properties is of fundamental interest for pushing the limits of molecular and macromolecular assembly, while further holding the potential for improving electronic and medical device performance. Controlling the assembly of aromatic molecules into nanostructures provides routes towards continuous and extended structures with performance that is improved markedly over that of their individual molecular components, opening possibilities for the formation of composites that have tailored interactions with other materials and thus improved applications. This review covers recent advances in the synthesis of conjugated materials, their controlled assembly into nanoscale architectures and implementation into devices. Specifically, we discuss the solution-based assembly of polythiophene into nanowire fibrils, the formation of columnar stacks of hexabenzocoronene liquid crystals and the preparation of functionalized solution processible graphene for nanocomposite formation.

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“…Esterifi cation/amidation is applied to covalently link the carboxylic groups on GO with the polymers containing hydroxyl or amine groups such as polyethylene glcol (PEG), 42 poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), 13,14 polyvinyl chloride, 43 poly(ethyleneimine), 44 triphenylamine-based polyazomethine 45 and poly(3-hexylthiophene). 46 Nitrene chemistry was reported to simply generate covalent linkage via cycloadditions of azide groups on the end of polymers (PEG, PS and polyacetylene) with C=C bonds in graphene. 25,47 Ring-opening reaction of epoxides is commonly used to form covalent bonding between epoxy and graphene prefunctionalized with amine groups.…”

Section: Functionalization Of Graphenementioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene functionalization and its application to polymer composite materials

Song

2013

Nanomaterials and Energy

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The progress of graphene research is growing very fast after the discovery of graphene in 2004. This is no doubt that commercialization of graphene will center in the future of graphene. The key challenge is the scale-up production of graphene or graphene-based materials. The hope has been lightened by several breakthrough results introduced above. However, the reproducibility is still concerned, as it is diffi cult to control the uniformity of individual graphene sheets from "top down" method. It also may be affected by the irregular edge of graphene and randomly dispersed functionalities on graphene sheets. The state-of-the-art techniques are also needed to achieve well-controlled microstructure of functionalized graphene and its derivatives. The article reviewed graphene functionalization and its application to polymer composite materials.

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Soluble P3HT-Grafted Graphene for Efficient Bilayer−Heterojunction Photovoltaic Devices

Cited by 451 publications

References 42 publications

Graphene/polymer composites for energy applications

Graphene/polymer composites for energy applications

Nanoscale assembly into extended and continuous structures and hybrid materials

Graphene functionalization and its application to polymer composite materials

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