Interest in exploring the use of
seawater as the mixing water for
preparing concrete is increasing due to the lack of freshwater in
some coastal regions and remote islands, where seawater is more accessible.
However, up to now, the mechanism of the accelerating effect of seawater
on the hydration of portland cement (PC) remains unclear. In this
study, alite, a major clinker phase in PC, was hydrated with common
salt solutions (NaCl, Na2SO4, and MgCl2) in seawater to explore the mechanism of acceleration. The heat
release peaks of the salt-added systems shifted to an earlier hydration
time with a higher peak value, which indicated the faster hydration
rate of alite pastes compared to the deionized (DI) water system.
The addition of the single salts was found to increase the concentration
of Ca species in solutions, contributing to the increased formation
of calcium–silicate–hydrates (C–S–H) and
portlandite at early ages. In the Na2SO4 system,
gypsum was the new hydration product, while brucite was formed in
MgCl2 systems, which caused the sharp decrease of Mg species
in the solution. The morphology of the early formed C–S–H
was changed with the addition of the salts, and the C–S–H
were characterized as thinner and longer fibers. At later ages, the
incorporation of the single salts lowered the polymerization degree
of C–S–H, but no noticeable morphological change was
observed.
Plastic productions continue to grow, and improper management of plastic wastes has raised increasing concerns. This reflects the need to explore the microplastics in water bodies. Microplastics have been regarded as emerging pollutants in water systems. In recent years, large numbers of studies across the world were conducted to investigate the distribution, behavior and the integrated impacts of microplastics in both the marine environment and the freshwater environment. Compared with the marine environment, the migration and transformation of microplastics in inland water systems seem more informative as they may reach the marine environment as one of their final destinations. Based on the updated literature, this review aims at overviewing the migration and transformation processes/behavior of microplastics in rivers, lakes and reservoirs. As for the migration, the microplastics’ fate is from manufacturing, consuming, discarding to migrating and returning to the human society which could form a closed though complicated circle. For transformation, microplastics experience five stages of their fate in inland water systems. These include changing into suspending pieces; ending up deposited as the sediment; resuspending under various changing conditions; ending up via burying into the soil as the part of the riverbed; reaching the marine environment; and being ingested by organisms and also becoming entangled with aquatic plants, etc. It is highly expected that this review can provide a valuable reference for better understanding microplastics’ migration and transformation mechanisms and a guide for the future study of microplastics in an inland water environment.
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