Chinese government has proposed ambitious targets to combat climate change. As carbon emissions of China’s transportation have been rapidly increasing in past decades, massive efforts for carbon reduction need to be taken by transportation sector. Research on practical action paths for transportation sector’s low-carbon development are critical to achieving the Paris Agreement goals and China’s “Dual-Carbon” Target. Based on the transportation’s historical carbon emissions and the new possible trends in the future, this paper uses a forecast model to predict transportation’s carbon emission. Then we adopt a scenario analysis to analyze the total transportation demand in the transportation sector from 2021 to 2060. We quantitatively simulated the emission reduction effects of different policy measures under different scenarios, such as optimization of transportation structure, application of energy-saving and emission-reduction technologies, and new energy vehicles. The results provide paths and measures for the low-carbon development of transportation, and provides policy suggestion for the scientific formulation of the low-carbon development.
Estimation of CO2 abatement costs is a critical issue in achieving the targets of carbon emission reduction of China while promoting the economic growth. This paper builds an objective programming model to estimate the China’s marginal CO2 abatement costs during 2020-2030. We designed six different mitigation strategies based on China’s 60-65 percent carbon intensity reduction target by 2030 and investigated the total economic-wide cost of these strategies. The results show that the non-equal increasing strategies will significantly increase the overall cumulative carbon dioxide emission reduction and reduce the overall cost compared to the non-equal decreasing strategies and equal amount strategies.
Whereas vaccination is established as one of the most effective and available methods against seasonal flu and holds high potential for many infectious diseases, immune response may differ among individuals and regions. In this study we examined the effects of gut microbiota on vaccination with human serum albumin (HSA) as the model vaccine in C57BL/6J mice. We observed that a two-week antibiotic cocktail (ABX) treatment hampered HSA-specific IgG1 in serum, whereas fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) restored the gut microbiota impaired by the ABX treatment and consequently increased the proportions of macrophages in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), plasma cells in the peripheral blood, and HSA-specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) in the serum. A week of daily application of jujube powder (800 mg/kg) to ABX-treated mice achieved a significantly higher HSA-specific IgG1 concentration in the serum compared with the ABX treatment group. Of particular note was that the administration of the jujube powder did not increase the myeloid cells, indicating a different mechanism of vaccination compared with FMT. More interestingly, daily pre-administration of jujube powder (800 mg/kg) to healthy mice one week ahead of vaccination boosted their immune response, as evidenced by the proportion of macrophages in the MLNs, B cells in the spleen, plasma cells and memory B cells in the peripheral blood, and HSA-specific IgG1 concentration in the serum. The 16S rRNA sequencing of gut microbiota revealed that the administration of jujube powder increased the abundance of Coriobacteriaceae associated with the metabolism of amino acids. The Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analysis suggested the altered microbiota is more favorable for arginine and proline metabolism, which may promote macrophages in the MLNs. These results indicate a high potential for boosting vaccination by manipulating gut microbiota with natural products.
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