Keywords: heat stress, malondialdehyde, proline, superoxide dismutase, timely and late sown condition, wheat genotypes thermostability, canopy function, stable green habit, better mobilization rate of food reserve and other technical or physiological parameters might be helpful to overcome yield loss under terminal heat stress. 12 In vitro studies of wheat plants in combination with genetic manipulation to develop heat tolerant wheat are of limited success. Therefore, the complex physiological-genetic approach could be useful to acquire heat tolerance in wheat to minimize the farmer's risk for reduced yield and low quality grain product. Here, Physiological evaluation of wheat genotypes was performed under timely and late sown condition. Results Estimation of chlorophyll index (SPAD-values), leaf area index (LAI) and proline content. Chlorophyll content (SPAD-values)of wheat genotypes viz., DBW-140, RAJ-3765, PBW-574, K-0-307 and HS-240 under timely and late sown was calculated after 30, 50, 70, 90 and 110 d. It was found that SPAD-values affected under timely and late sown conditions were 41.5, 38.9, 37.08, 37.67, 47.7, 47.59, 46.56, 46.73, 41.03, 40 and 40.15, 34.5, 34.76, 33.33, 45.63, 44, 43.03, 42.52, 4,137 and HS-240 genotypes showed highest reduction in LAI (0.3, 1.36, 3.78, 3.0 and 0.37, 2.08, 3.94, 3.29) at 30, 70 and 90 d after sowing, respectively (Fig. 1B). The proline content (μg g −1 FW) was found to be increased in all the genotypes studied (30.25, 160.5, 135.2, 262.1, 184.0 and 221.68, 236.55, 261.77, 419.35) under late sown condition as compared with that of timely sown condition (89.6, 106.8, 119.6, 62.0 and 21.98, 20.66, 37.0, 20.86, 18.37) at both anthesis and 15 DAS, except , respectively (Fig. 1C).Evaluation of malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, heat susceptibility index (s) (HIS) and yield associated traits. The amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) (μ mole g −1 FW) produced when polyunsaturated fatty acids in the membrane undergone lipid peroxidation in wheat genotypes were calculated as 13. 06, 11.80 and 7.26, 4.23 in HS 240 and K-0-307 genotypes respectively at the time of anthesis in late sown and timely sown conditions. The similar trends were also observed in HS 240 and K-0-307 genotypes 15 DAS, which followed by Raj 3765, DBW 140 and PBW 574 genotypes ( Fig. 2A). There is no significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (unit mg −1 FW) in genotypes evaluated at anthesis stage under timely and late sown conditions. In contrast, after 15 d of anthesis SOD activity was highest in RAJ-3765 (1.88) whereas in HS-240 and K-0-307 genotypes it was lowest (1.63 and 1.60) under late sown condition (Fig. 2B). The heat susceptibility index (HIS) of HS 240 and K-0-307 wheat genotypes was highest (1.33, 1.57, 1.51 and 1.17, 1.34, 1.65), which followed by DBW 140, Raj 3765 and PBW 574 genotypes (0.846, 0.649 and 0.411), (0.780, 0.905 and 0.905) and (0.897, 0.457 abd 0.682) for 1000-grain weight, grain weight and grain yield, respectively (Fig. 2C). Y...

Plant growth promoting (PGP) rhizobacteria, a beneficial microbe colonizing plant roots, enhanced crop productivity and offers an attractive way to replace chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and supplements. The keratinous waste which comprises feathers, hairs, nails, skin and wool creates problem of solid waste management due to presence of highly recalcitrant keratin. The multi traits rhizobacteria effective to remove both keratine from the environment by producing keratinase enzyme and to eradicate the chemical fertilizer by providing different PGP activity is novel achievement. In the present study, the effective PM2 strain of PGPR was isolated from rhizospheric soil of mustard (Brassica juncea) field, Pantnagar and they were identified on the basis of different biochemical tests as belonging to Bacillus genera. Different plant growth promoting activity, feather degradation and keratinolytic activity was performed and found very effective toward all the parameters. Furthermore, the efficient strain PM2 was identified on the basis of 16s rRNA sequencing and confirmed as Bacillus cereus. The strain PM2 might be used efficiently for keratinous waste management and PGP activity. Therefore, the present study suggests that Bacillus cereus have multi traits activity which extremely useful for different PGP activity and biotechnological process involving keratin hydrolysis, feather biodegradation or in the leather industry.

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Cytomixis is a phenomenon where the migration of chromatin material takes place from one PMC to an adjacent PMC leading to the variation of chromosome number . This was first reported by Gates (1911) in Oenothera gigas and subsequently in many other genera in cluding Capsicum. The evolutionary significance of cytomixis is disputable and the topic is open to question. A perusal of the existing literature revealed the reports of cytomixis alone in Capsicum and it was never associated with any other aberrant phenomena . The present re port pertains to a report of spontaneous cytomixis coupled with desynapsis, antother aberrant meiotic phenomenon chracterized by the falling apart of the homologous chromosomes after their initial pairing. Material and methodsThe material for the present study was obtained from the variant plant screened in the population of C. annuum var. Sindhur. Flower buds of appropriate size from the aforesaid plant were collected and fixed in freshly prepared acetic-alcohol (1:3) between 9 and 11A.M. and were transferred to 70% alcohol after 24 hours of fixation. Cytological studies were made using acetocarmine squash technique. ResultsThe mutant exhibiting the twin features of desynapsis and cytomixis was phenotypically similar to normal siblings except in being totally sterile. A detailed cytological study has revealed that meiosis was apparently abnormal. All the PMCs examined at diakinesis/ metaphase I showed several univalents (4-25; Figs. 3-5) despite complete chromosome pairing at pachytene. It was observed that the adjacent PMCs were connected with cytoplasmic bridges facilitating the transfer of chromatin material form one cell to the other. In 36.5 of cells the cytomixis through connecting channels was encountered (Figs. 1, 2). Consequently cells with a variable number of chromosomes ranging from 4 to 36 were observed in contrast to the normal diploid complement 2n=24 (Figs. 4, 5). About 70% of PMCs were noticed with high frequency of univalents whereas the frequency of multivalents was low (30.5%). The maximum association noticed was of a chain of seven chromosomes (Table 1, Fig. 6). Ap parently the organisation of metaphase plate was not clear resulting in randomly distributed univalents all over the cytoplasm. The formation of spindle fibres was also not clear, so that anaphase I, prophase II and anaphase II separations could not be regular exhibiting unequal segregations and variable number of laggards (Table 2, Figs. 7-10). The analysis of telophase II has shown the formation of large number of groups. A maximum of 10 small groups was observed in 5.7% of cells. Pollen fertility was very low (10.25%).

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