Deficiency in protein is increasing worldwide especially in developing countries. Protein from microbial biomass termed as Single Cell Protein (SCP) can be considered as an alternative to conventional source of food. This research work was carried out to produce single cell protein from orange peels by Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from spoilt tomato fruit and to optimize cultural condition in order to obtain a maximum amount of biomass concentration thus, the protein quantity. The proximate content of the peel was analysed using standard method. Carbohydrates was 59.96%, fibre (14.03%), moisture (12.07%), fat (9.11%), ash (5.21%) and protein (1.02%). Results of this study revealed that the optimum pH in which a maximum growth (1790 ppm) of biomass was obtained was at pH 7.0 after 120 hours of incubation. The effect of Incubation temperature showed that maximum biomass growth (1145 ppm) was obtained at 37°C after 96 hours of incubation. Effect of substrate concentration revealed that biomass concentration increased with increase in substrate concentration. Maximum protein with minimal nucleic acid content was obtained at incubation temperature of 37°C. In conclusion, it may not be favourable to incubate the fermentation medium at temperature above 55°C and pH below 4.0 for production of SCP using Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
The relationship between hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and C-reactive protein (CRP), which is an inflammatory biomarker, is limited in studies on the general population. Thus, this study aimed at determining the relationship between CRP levels and Hepatitis B surface antigen in patients with hepatitis B. A total of 70 samples were screened for the presence of hepatitis surface antigen by one step hepatitis B Surface antigen test strip (serum/plasma) package insert. The samples were further subjected to ELISA test and quantitative real time PCR to determine the viral load. The performance of the assay on the 70 samples showed 17 (24.29%) patients were positive and 53 (75.71%) patients were negative for serological test. Out of the 17 samples which were positive for HBV, CRP was positive in 5 patients while 12 patients were negative for CRP. While out of 53 patients who were negative for HBV, 9 were positive for CRP and 44 were negative for CRP. For the significance of viral load for clinical monitoring, three titer groups were presented. Among the 70 samples tested for viral load of HBV, 50% (35/70) of samples showed low titer by the Ct˂30, while only 15.71% (11/70) of samples were detected with high viral load by Ct˃30. Statistical analysis showed insignificant relationship between CRP and HBV. Positive predictive value of CRP was lower;it is revealed that the presence of HBV infection cannot be predicted on the basis of CRP analysis only. The reason behind lower CRP concentration in HBV positive cases remains unclear but there is a perception that high CRP levels in the blood can be a marker of inflammation.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a long term disorder of metabolism characterized by high level of blood sugar (hyperglycemia) due to insufficient secretion of insulin, insulin resistance, or both, as well as poor lipid, protein and carbohydrate metabolism. These complications occur as a result of derangement in glucose storage for the regulatory system and metabolic fuel mobilization, including carbohydrate, protein and lipid anabolism and catabolism emanating from impaired action of insulin, secretion of insulin, or both. The in silico study was conducted with the help of molecular docking to treat diabetes to inhibit the activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase by drug molecule. All the studies were based on docking with molecules. The docking was done using a docking software between all the ligands and the target protein receptors. Natural compounds, such as Conduritol A, Catechin and Quercetin were picked, and protein targets as α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Ligands were imported for visual screening into PyRx software while Biovia Discovery Studio Visualizer was used for protein preparation. Analysis of the properties of drug likeliness of the ligands was done via SwissADME online server according to Lipinski’s Rule of Five. Final docking analysis was done through AutoDockVina and Biovia Discovery Studio client 2020. Molecular docking analysis of the ligands Conduritol A, Catechin and Quercetin showed strong binding interaction with both α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The test revealed different binding affinities, hydrogen bond interactions, hydrophobicity, solvent accessibility surface (SAS), root mean square deviation lower bound (RMSD LB) and root mean square deviation upper bound (RMSD UB). Conduritol A was the strongest compound against the protein targets, with its low binding strength, according to the PyRx test and Lipinski 's Rule of Five. The same molecules were further docked, and the interactions were visualized under PyMol Via Biovia Discovery Studio. According to the in silico study, we have found that these natural compounds can inhibit the activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase which can be promising drugs for the treatment of diabetes after subjecting them to in vitro and in vivo studies.
The effect of X-ray radiation was examined on the nutritional content of Capsicum annuum L. (Pepper seeds Yolo wonder 254 F1). The seeds were subjected to three different doses of X-ray irradiation (3MGy, 6MGy and 9MGy) to observe variation in the nutritional content of the F2 fruit across the treatments and control. The study aimed at using x-ray irradiation to stimulate variation resulting in improved nutritional content of C. annuum. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications was laid in a field experiment at research farm of Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Federal University of Kashere, Gombe State, during the 2021 raining season. Spectrophotometric method was employed using U-V visible Spectrophotometer, as well as Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) was used to determined mineral content. Proximate compositions were also analyzed using standard method. Data obtained were subjected to Analysis of Variance and DMRT at p <0.05 level of significance. Variation in the concentration of vitamins A, B2, B6, B12, C and ß-Carotene were observed. Vitamin C at the control has 142643 ± 1.00 d as the highest concentration, while vitamin B12 has 0.002 ± 1.00 a as the lowest concentration across all the treatments. Minerals examined were Mg, Ca, K, Fe and PO4 2with K having 181.00 ± 5.66 c concentration at zero treatment as the highest and Phosphate recorded 0.04 ± 0.04 a at 3MGy as the lowest. Phytochemical has Oxalate with 0.89 ± 0.31 b recorded at zero exposure and Phytate 0.01 ± 0.00 a at 3MGy recorded as highest and lowest concentration respectively. In proximate compositions, Carbohydrates was obtained with 60.67 ± 1.39 c at 9.0MGy exposure as the highest concentration, whereas ether extract has 0.72 ± 0.00 a at 3MGy has the lowest concentration among all other compositions. The findings revealed that relative increase in the nutritional content of pepper across the treatments were 0MGy exposure to X-ray irradiation produce higher concentration suggesting a possible recovery of useful variant from lower exposure. Eventually, results of this study, revealed that X-ray irradiation has random effect on the nutritional content of pepper.
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