The aim of this study was to determine the main constituents of the essential oil isolated from Fortunella crassifolia Swingle peel by hydro-distillation, and to test the efficacy of the essential oil on antimicrobial activity. Twenty-five components, representing 92.36% of the total oil, were identified by GC-MS analysis. The essential oil showed potent antimicrobial activity against both Gram-negative ( E. coli and S. typhimurium ) and Gram-positive ( S. aureus , B. cereus , B. subtilis , L. bulgaricus , and B. laterosporus ) bacteria, together with a remarkable antifungal activity against C. albicans . In a food model of beef extract, the essential oil was observed to possess an effective capacity to control the total counts of viable bacteria. Furthermore, the essential oil showed strongly detrimental effects on the growth and morphological structure of the tested bacteria. It was suggested that the essential oil from Fortunella crassifolia Swingle peel might be used as a natural food preservative against bacteria or fungus in the food industry.

publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.Disease surveillance often refers to the continuous, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of disease outbreaks and their related factors and to the use of such findings in guiding disease control practice. Infectious disease Early Warning for Infectious Disease Outbreak. http://dx.

Objective To summarise the dynamic characteristics of COVID-19 transmissibility; To analyse and quantify the effect of control measures on controlling the transmissibility of COVID-19; To predict and compare the effectiveness of different control measures. Methods We used the basic reproduction number (R0) to measure the transmissibility of COVID-19, the transmissibility of COVID-19 and control measures of 176 countries and regions from January 1, 2020 to May 14, 2022 were included in the study. The dynamic characteristics of COVID-19 transmissibility were summaried through descriptive research and a Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN) model was constructed to quantify the effect of control measures on controlling the transmissibility of COVID-19. Results The results show that the spatial transmissibility of COVID-19 is high in Asia, Europe and Africa, the temporal transmissibility of COVID-19 rises with the epidemic of Beta and Omicron strains. Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN) model shows that the transmissibility of COVID-19 is negatively correlated with control measures: Restricting population mobility has the strongest effect, Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT) has a strong effect, and vaccination has the weakest effect. Conclusion Strict control measures are essential for the control of COVID-19 outbreak; Restricting population mobility and Nucleic Acid Testing have significant impacts on the control of the COVID-19 transmissibility, while vaccination has no significant impact. The development of future control measures may be the large-scale application of new nucleic acid testing technology and the mass popularization of booster immunization.

Food safety is one of the most important public health problems in the world, and pathogenic bacterium is a major factor causing serious foodborne diseases. Two methods of duplex PCR combined with capillary electrophoresis laser-induced fluorescence detector (CE-LIF) and microchip capillary electrophoresis laser-induced fluorescence detector (MCE-LIF) have been developed for the simultaneous detection of and in various foods. The specific conservative sequences of these two bacteria were amplified. After labelled with nucleic acid dye SYBR Gold and SYBR Orange, the PCR products were analyzed by CE-LIF and MCE-LIF, respectively. Under the optimal conditions, the detection of PCR products of the target bacteria was achieved in less than 15 min by CE-LIF and within 6 min by MCE-LIF. The alignment analysis demonstrated that the PCR products had good agreement with the sequences published in GenBank. The CE-LIF method could detect 10 CFU/mL and , and the MCE-LIF method could detect 100 CFU/mL and . The intraday precisions of migration time and peak area of DNA markers and PCR products were in the range of 1.13 to 1.18% and 1.60 to 6.29%, respectively, for CE-LIF and 1.18 to 1.48% and 2.85 to 4.06%, respectively, for MCE-LIF.: The proposed methods could be applied to target bacterial detection infood samples rapidly, sensitively, and specifically. : Two new methods based on CE and MCE have been developed for the simultaneous detection of and in foodstuffs, and they can detect the bacteria directly without any enrichment because of their high sensitivity.

Objective To summarise the dynamic characteristics of COVID-19 transmissibility; To analyse and quantify the effect of control measures on controlling the transmissibility of COVID-19; To predict and compare the effectiveness of different control measures. Methods We used the basic reproduction number ($${R}_{0}$$ R 0 ) to measure the transmissibility of COVID-19, the transmissibility of COVID-19 and control measures of 176 countries and regions from January 1, 2020 to May 14, 2022 were included in the study. The dynamic characteristics of COVID-19 transmissibility were summarised through descriptive research and a Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN) model was constructed to quantify the effect of control measures on controlling the transmissibility of COVID-19. Results The results show that the spatial transmissibility of COVID-19 is high in Asia, Europe and Africa, the temporal transmissibility of COVID-19 increases with the epidemic of Beta and Omicron strains. Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN) model shows that the transmissibility of COVID-19 is negatively correlated with control measures. Restricting population mobility has the strongest effect, nucleic acid testing (NAT) has a strong effect, and vaccination has the weakest effect. Conclusion Strict control measures are essential for controlling the COVID-19 outbreak; Restricting population mobility and nucleic acid testing (NAT) have significant impacts on controlling the COVID-19 transmissibility, while vaccination has no significant impact. In light of these findings, future control measures may include the widespread use of new NAT technology and the promotion of booster immunization.