Introduction

Abstract

publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.Disease surveillance often refers to the continuous, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of disease outbreaks and their related factors and to the use of such findings in guiding disease control practice. Infectious disease Early Warning for Infectious Disease Outbreak. http://dx.

Can Social Media Data Be Utilized to Enhance Early Warning: Retrospective Analysis of the U.S. Covid-19 Pandemic

“…Early warning for infectious diseases involves analyzing surveillance data in the early stages of a pandemic [10]. Studies using social media data for surveillance of disease outbreaks are closer to this present work.…”

“…A disease outbreak can affect a large population and spread over multiple countries or continents in a short period, posing significant health threats to humanity [10]. Early warning is critical for government agencies to contain the disease outbreak.…”

“…Early warning for infectious diseases involves analyzing surveillance data with specialized techniques to detect aberrations in the early stages [10]. Surveillance data are the cornerstone of disease warning programs and often originate from laboratory specimens, surveys, dynamic records, sentinel surveillance, and administrative data [10]. Access to these data usually relies on third-party organizations or institutions to initiate provision and sometimes can be costly and time-consuming [11].…”

Identifying Hot Spots of Tuberculosis in Nigeria Using an Early Warning Outbreak Recognition System: Retrospective Analysis of Implications for Active Case Finding Interventions

“…The electronic data can be imported into a geographic information system (GIS) for mapping and spatial analysis; thus, the data can be used to identify TB transmission hot spots in the community [ 8 ]. Such an electronic GIS strategy has been used in early warning systems (EWSs) for infectious disease surveillance [ 9 ], such as the China Infectious Disease Automated Alert and Response System (CIDARS) [ 10 ] and an early warning outbreak recognition system (EWORS) implemented by the Indonesian Ministry of Health [ 11 ]. Both systems serve as complementary country-wide disease surveillance tools; however, while the CIDARS is a case-based EWS, the EWORS in Indonesia is a syndromic surveillance-based EWS [ 9 ].…”

“…Such an electronic GIS strategy has been used in early warning systems (EWSs) for infectious disease surveillance [ 9 ], such as the China Infectious Disease Automated Alert and Response System (CIDARS) [ 10 ] and an early warning outbreak recognition system (EWORS) implemented by the Indonesian Ministry of Health [ 11 ]. Both systems serve as complementary country-wide disease surveillance tools; however, while the CIDARS is a case-based EWS, the EWORS in Indonesia is a syndromic surveillance-based EWS [ 9 ]. In Nigeria, an EWORS is operational at the subnational level for routine electronic disease surveillance—the system automatically sends elevated disease activity messages to appropriate disease surveillance officers, which triggers the investigation of the affected areas to prevent outbreaks [ 12 ].…”