the intermittent renewable energy (such as solar and wind) into the present electricity grid. [1] With liquid redox electrolyte flowing in and out, mutual conversions between chemical energy of electrolyte and electricity can be realized. [2] Because the redox electrolyte is stored externally rather than in the electrode compartment, the capacity can be tailored independently from the power output which scales with the stack configuration and the number of cells. [3] Thus, to acquire RFBs with high capacity, designing of redox-active species with large solubility and reversible electron numbers is potential orientation.However, most RFBs utilize highly acidic or basic electrolyte to enhance the solubility and stability of the redox-active species. For example, vanadium species are only highly stable in high concentrated acid supporting electrolyte, [4] while many organic redox-active species, such as quinones, [5] azobenzene, [6] and phenazine [7] were found with good performance in strong alkaline electrolyte. However, strong acidic and alkaline conditions can result in high operating and maintenance cost of RFBs, and further diminish the serving life of whole systems. Those issues appeal to develop advanced characterization techniques to understand the structure evolution and stability of those redox couples. In this regard, in-situ and in-operando spectroscopy technologies, such as EPR, [8] nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), [9] and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) [10] etc., are effective tools to characterize the stability of the redox-active materials during charge and discharge process. For example, in-situ EPR and coupled EPR/NMR methods can monitor the decomposition of 2,6-dihydroxfyanthraquinone electrolytes in RFB and elucidate the electron delocalization in the redox process of anthraquinone. [8] This in turn raises the high requirement to develop new redox-active species with high performances to be operated at mild pH conditions. [11] Recently, aqueous organic redox species, such as 4-HO-TEMPO, methyl viologen, [12] and 9,10-anthraquinone-2,7-disulfonic diammonium salt (AQDS-(NH 4 ) 2 ) [13] were found to have many merits at neutral pH, such as fast redox kinetics and large solubility. [14] However, smallsized organic compounds always accompany traces decomposition and non-negligible cross contamination during each redox process, leading to limited cycle performance and low A highly soluble Li 5 BW 12 O 40 cluster delivers 2 e − redox reaction with fast electron transfer rates (2.5 × 10 −2 cm s −1 ) and high diffusion coefficients (≈2.08 × 10 −6 cm 2 s −1 ) at mild pH ranging from 3 to 8. In-operando aqueousflowing Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations reveal that Raman shift changing of {BW12} clusters is due to the bond length changing between W-O b -W and W-O c -W at different redox states. The structure changing and redox chemistry of Li 5 BW 12 O 40 are highly reversible, which makes the Li 5 BW 12 O 40 cluster versatile to construct all-anion aqueous redox flow batt...
Objective Investigations on neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) in patients with ischemic stroke are insufficient. We aimed to investigate the relationship of NLR and LMR with in-hospital clinical outcomes at different time points in ischemic stroke patients treated with intravenous tissues plasminogen activator (IV tPA). Methods We retrospectively enrolled patients who received IV tPA therapy within 4.5 hours from symptoms onset. Demographics, clinical characteristics, imaging measures, and the in-hospital clinical outcomes including early neurological improvement (ENI, defined as NIHSS score reduction within 24 hours ≥4 points or decreased to the baseline) and favorable functional outcome (defined as modified Rankin scale 0–1) were collected. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to test whether NLR or LMR was an independent predictor for the in-hospital clinical outcomes. Results One hundred and two patients treated with IV tPA were included. NLR at 24 hours proved to be an independent predictor of ENI (adjusted OR=0.85, 95% CI=0.75–0.95, P =0.04). NLR at 48 hours and LMR at 48 hours proved to be independent predictors of mRS 0–1 at discharge (NLR at 48 hours: adjusted OR=0.64, 95% CI=0.49–0.83, P =0.01; LMR at 48 hours: adjusted OR=1.50, 95% CI=1.08–2.09, P =0.02). The AUC of NLR at 48 hours to predict favorable functional outcome at discharge was 0.79 (95% CI=0.70–0.88, P <0.001) and the optimal cut-off was 5.69 (sensitivity=0.52, specificity=0.63). Conclusion In our study, NLR at 24 hours was correlated with ENI. Both NLR and LMR at 48 hours were closely associated with favorable functional outcomes at discharge.
Objective Investigations on coagulation parameters including fibrinogen (Fbg), fibrinogen degradation products (FDP), and D-dimer in ischemic stroke patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis are insufficient. We aimed to investigate the association between in-hospital clinical outcomes and the coagulation parameters at different time points in ischemic stroke patients treated with intravenous tissues plasminogen activator (IV tPA). Methods We retrospectively enrolled patients who received IV tPA therapy within 4.5 h from symptoms onset. Demographics, clinical characteristics, imaging measures, and the discharge mRS score were collected. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to test whether coagulation parameters were independent predictors for the in-hospital clinical outcomes. We also employed machine learning models to investigate whether coagulation parameters were able to improve the prediction of favorable functional outcomes. Results One hundred and fifty-two patients treated with IV tPA were included. Among the coagulation parameters, low D-dimers at 48 h proved to be an independent predictor of favorable functional outcome (adjusted odd ratio 0.24, 95% confidential intervals 0.06-0.92, P = 0.04). The AUC of D-dimer at 48 h to predict favorable functional outcome was 0.73 (0.60-0.87) and the optimal cut-off value was 0.92 (sensitivity 0.69, specificity 0.78). Machine learning models with D-dimer at 48 h had superior performance in predicting favorable functional outcomes and among the input variables in the machine learning models, D-dimer at 48 h showed the highest weight in predicting mRS 0-1 at discharge (38.44%). Conclusion Increased levels of D-dimer at 48 h was associated with lower proportion of favorable functional outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients with intravenous thrombolysis.
Objective The clinical significance of different glycemic parameters has been rarely investigated in ischemic stroke patients treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA). This study was aimed to investigate the association between different glycemic parameters and favorable functional outcome in patients treated with IV tPA. Methods Patients with ischemic stroke who received IV tPA therapy at our stroke center were retrospectively enrolled. Four glycemic parameters were collected including admission glucose, HbA1c, stress hyperglycemia ratio (SHR) and glycemic gap (GG). Additional information was also recorded including demographics, medical history, stroke severity, imaging measures and mRS score at discharge. We used 5 machine learning models to investigate the predictive value of glycemic parameters. Results Our study included 294 patients treated with IV tPA. SHR and GG were independently associated with favorable functional outcome (adjusted OR for SHR 0.03, 95% CI 0.01–0.72, P = 0.03; adjusted OR for GG 1.024, 95% CI 1.00–1.05, P = 0.04). Conclusion SHR and GG were associated with functional outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients with intravenous thrombolysis.
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