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Summary Topical act‐tone treatment extracts lipids from the stratum corneum. and disrupts the permeability barrier, resulting in a homeostatic response in the viable epidermis that ultimately repairs the barrier. Recently, we have developed an optimal lipid mixture (cholesterol, ceramide. palmitate and linoleate 4–3:2.3:1:1.08) that, when applied topically, accelerates barrier repair following extensive disruption of the barrier by acetone. The present study determined if topical treatment with this optimal lipid mixture would have beneticial effects following disruption of the barrier by petroleum ether, tape stripping, or by detergent treatment. Also, we determined if barrier repair was accelerated after moderate disturbances of barrier function. Following moderate or extensive disruption of the barrier by acetone or petroleum ether (solvents), or tape stripping (mechanical), application of the optimal lipid mixture accelerated barrier repair. Additionally, following barrier disruption with V‐laurosarcosine free acid or dodecylbenzensulphuric acid (detergents), the optimal lipid mixture similarly accelerated barrier repair. However, following disruption of the barrier with different detergents, sodium dodecyl sulphate and ammonium lauryl sulphosuccinate. the optimal lipid mixture did not improve barrier recovery. Thus, the optimal lipid mixture is capable of accelerating barrier repair following disruption of the barrier by solvent treatment or tape stripping (mechanical), and by certain detergents such as Sarkosyl and dodecylbenzensulphuric acid. The ability of the opiimal lipid mixture to accelerate barrier repair after both moderate and extensive degrees of barrier disruption suggests a potential clinical use for this approach.

An activated carbon supported α-molybdenum carbide catalyst (α-MoC1-x/AC) showed remarkable activity in the selective deoxygenation of guaiacol to substituted mono-phenols in low carbon number alcohol solvents. Combined selectivities of up to 85% for phenol and alkylphenols were obtained at 340 °C for α-MoC1-x/AC at 87% conversion in supercritical ethanol. The reaction occurs via consecutive demethylation followed by a dehydroxylation route instead of a direct demethoxygenation pathway.

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Hydrosilylation of vinyl ferrocene with allylhydridopolycarbosilane was used to synthesize a processable hyperbranched polyferrocenylcarbosilane (HBPFCS).

Polyoxometalates (POMs) are a series of molecular metal oxide clusters, which span the two domains of solutes and solid metal oxides. The unique characters of POMs in structure, geometry, and adjustable redox properties have attracted widespread attention in functional material synthesis, catalysis, electronic devices, and electrochemical energy storage and conversion. This review is focused on the links between the intrinsic charge carrier behaviors of POMs from a chemistry‐oriented view and their recent ground‐breaking developments in related areas. First, the advantageous charge transfer behaviors of POMs in molecular‐level electronic devices are summarized. Solar‐driven, thermal‐driven, and electrochemical‐driven charge carrier behaviors of POMs in energy generation, conversion and storage systems are also discussed. Finally, present challenges and fundamental insights are discussed as to the advanced design of functional systems based upon POM building blocks for their possible emerging application areas.

We have explored C–O bond cleavage in different lignin model compounds in high-temperature water using catalytic amounts of water-tolerant Lewis acids. Experiments comparing indium triflate, scandium triflate, ytterbium triflate, and indium chloride indicate that indium triflate is the most active catalyst for this cleavage in guaiacol. Reactions of guaiacol at 225, 250, and 275 °C were consistent with first-order kinetics for guaiacol disappearance. The conversion reached 96% at 275 °C after 2 h using indium triflate. Milder temperatures (175, 200, and 225 °C) were sufficient for selective cleavage of the weaker C–O bond in benzyl phenyl ether. The conversion reached 99% at 225 °C after 3 h using indium triflate. The activation energies for guaiacol and benzyl phenyl ether hydrolysis were found to be 134 ± 5 and 98 ± 5 kJ·mol–1, respectively. As expected, diphenyl ether was more resistant to C–O cleavage, but even its very strong aryl–O–aryl bond can be hydrolyzed to form phenol at 330 °C with indium triflate as the catalyst. These results point to the potential application of water-tolerant Lewis acids as catalysts for lignin depolymerization.

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