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Problem statement: To investigate anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in stray dogs living in Tabriz city, 100 blood samples were collected. Serum samples were screened for detection of anti-N. caninum IgG antibodies using Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT; ≥50). Antibodies were seen in 31 (31%) of 100 dogs. Approach: The IFAT antibody titers were as follows: 1:50 in 11 dogs, 1:100 in ten dogs, 1:200 in six dogs, 1:400 in one dog, 1:800 in two dogs and 1:1,600 in one dog. There were no significant differences in seroprevalence of Neospora infection between different genders (p>0.05). The seropositive results were increased with age and differences were statistically significant (p<0.05). Results:The results confirm the presence and exposure of stray dogs to N. caninum in Tabriz city and importance of this protozoan as a cause of disease in dogs of the region. Conclusion: Based on the present study, this is the first report on seroprevalence of N. caninum in stray dogs of the Tabriz northwest of Iran. This finding confirms the presence of Neospora infection and the important role of dogs in the region.

Objectives: Toxoplasma gondii, an intracellular parasite, infectS a large proportion of the world population yearly. This study was investigated to evaluate the remedial effects of allium cepa on testis degeneration in male rats infected by T.gondii, RH strain. Materials and Methods: Wistar male rats (n=40) divided into control (n=10) and experimental (n=30) groups. The experimental groups were divided into two groups; allium cepa group (n=10) received 1cc of fresh onion juice daily and the toxoplasmose infected group (n =20) were subdivided into two groups of 10. One of the toxoplasma groups also received 1cc of fresh onion juice daily; however, control group just received distilled water. Animals were kept in a standard condition. On day 30 after inducing Toxoplasmosis infection, 5 ml blood sample of each rat was taken to measure serum protein and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels. IgG and IgM were tested by the ELISA method. Testicular tissue of each Rat was removed and sperms were collected from the epididymis for analysis. Results: Serum proteins and testis weight were significantly decreased in the T.gondii groups compared with the control and onion groups. Testis degeneration significantly increased in toxoplasmosis group compared with the control group (P<0.05). TAC level was significantly increased in the groups that received onion juice (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed T. gondii has diverse effects on serum proteins, TAC, and testis. Results confirmed fresh onion juice could significantly modify harmful effects and increase the sperm number, viability, and motility so it seems eating onion is useful in toxoplasmosis infection.

Stray dogs are considered as an important health problem in societies because they can carry dangerous diseases such as hydatidosis, toxocariasis and coenurus cerebralis to humans and animals. Therefore, the study of helminthes infections in all parts of Iran for evaluation of infection state, and provision of the infection control programs is essential. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of parasitic helminthes in stray dogs around Tabriz city. In this study, 40 stray dogs were killed by shooting with the municipality officers and were dissected considering health rules. After laparotomy, internal organs are inspected, and bowels completely collected in separate containers containing 10% formaldehyde. Transferring the samples to the parasitological laboratory, the bowels were cut using forceps, and its contents passed through the sieve, and the worms were separated. Azo carmine & carminic acid staining and lactophenol was used for diagnosis of isolated cestodes and nematodes. The number of 40 dogs, 34 dogs (85%) had at least one species of cestodes and nematodes and acanthocephala that; 12.5% (5 dogs) infected by Echinococcus granulosus, 20% (8 dogs) by Taenia hydatigena, 22.5% (9 dogs) by Taenia multiceps, 17.5 /% (7 dogs) by Dipylidium caninum and 52.5% (21 dogs) by Ancylostoma caninum, 45% (18 dogs) by Toxocara canis, 35% (14 dogs) by Trichuris vulpis, 27.5% (11 dogs) by Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus . In this study, it was shown that helminthic rate in stray dogs is very high around Tabriz. These parasites are important in terms of health and economic aspects. Therefore, it is more essential that we note to parasitic infections, to develop control programs.

Introduction: Livestock is the potential source of blood feed for Anopheles mosquitoes. Infectious Anopheles bites enter h-Plasmodium sporozoites in the body of livestock. In the erythrocytic phase, the parasite produces several enzymes, one of which is parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH). The parasite needs this enzyme to help the glycolysis process of pyruvate into lactic acid. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the presence of pLDH in blood specimens of Etawa crossbreed goats was explored. Samples of the stored biological material in the form of dried blood in Whatman™ 1001 125 filter paper included 97 specimens. PLDH was detected using the PCR method. Results: One sample previously reported to contain P. falciparum trophozoites under microscopic examination showed positive results in PfLDH testing. Conclusion: The parasite of P. falciparum was found capable of living up to the erythrocytic phase and forming PfLDH in the Etawa crossbreeds.

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Objectives: Stool test is a test used to diagnose an infection or intestinal parasitic infection. Gastrointestinal infections occur for a variety of reasons, so this test is valuable along with other complementary tests. Common gastrointestinal infections are commonly reported as food poisoning or stomach infections. However, diagnostic tests are useful for treating and removing the source of the disease. Methods: This study was reviewed by using a search of keywords including, "stool test" , "Diagnosis ", "Intestinal Parasites", in Google Scholar, PubMed, and Elsevier databases. Approximately 15 articles were selected that were examined thoroughly. Results: The results of our study revealed that the direct microscopic method is more widely used in medical diagnostic laboratories due to its time saving and simplicity of testing. Conclusion: Stool tests are recommended for people with symptoms of a gastrointestinal infection. These symptoms include: Prolonged diarrhea, abdominal pain (cramping), nausea and vomiting, Stools with blood and mucus. However, diagnostic tests are useful for treating and removing the source of the disease.